PCT(降钙素原)与CRP(C-反应蛋白)的临床应用

2022-09-15 检验之声 检验星空

CRP是一种急性反应蛋白,影响其升高的因素很多,因此极大的限制了其辅助诊断的作用。而临床需要更敏感、更特异的标志物来提高对重症感染和败血症的诊治。

降钙素原(PCT)

降钙素原(PCT)是血清降钙素(CT)的前肽物质,是由116个氨基酸组成的糖蛋白质,在正常生理情况下,由甲状腺C细胞分泌产生。健康人血液中的PCT浓度非常低,小于0.05ng/ml。在炎症刺激特别是细菌感染或脓毒血症状态下,机体各个组织、多种细胞类型均可产生PCT并释放进入血液循环系统。

降钙素原适应症

①细菌感染与病毒感染的鉴别诊断。②帮助SIRS/脓毒症的早期诊断,评估疾病的严重程度及预后。③抗生素治疗效果的评估,指导临床抗生素使用。④手术和严重创伤患者细菌感染并发症监测。⑤胰腺炎鉴别诊断。

降钙素原临床意义

1.细菌感染与病毒感染的鉴别诊断

病毒性疾病时PCT不增高或仅轻度增高,一般不会超过1~2 ng。

2.用于脓毒症的诊断和鉴别诊断

2012年9月发表的《降钙素原PCT急诊临床应用的专家共识》(以下简称为“共识”)指出:脓毒症患者的PCT水平明显高于非脓毒症患者。且PCT升高对细菌感染导致的脓毒症特异性很高,可作为诊断脓毒症和鉴别严重细菌感染的生物标志物。同时,与单纯的临床检测标准相比,PCT检测可显著提高SIRS/脓毒症诊断的敏感性(97%)和特异性(78%)。把PCT加入诊断标准后,诊断准确率从0.77提高到0.94。

《共识》指出:PCT在SIRS/脓毒症、严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者的质量浓度依次增高,与病情的严重度呈正相关,目前PCT诊断脓毒症的界值水平为>0.5ng/ml。PCT<0.05ng/ml的患者患高风险细菌性感染的可能性非常小,PCT浓度从0.5ng/ml上升超过2ng/ml时,严重细菌感染或脓毒症的发生率增高,如果PCT值大于 2ng/ml甚至大于10ng/ml时,脓毒症、严重脓毒症或者脓毒症休克的可能性非常大(超过90%),高水平PCT表明全身炎症反应非常严重,死亡风险很高,应立即开始抗生素及针对性治疗。

3.抗生素治疗效果的评估

监测PCT的变化趋势可以作为抗生素治疗效果的评估手段,PCT持续升高或者不降是治疗无效的表现。例如在严重社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)、院内获得性肺炎(HAP)以及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中,PCT水平与痰细菌培养阳性率、病情的严重程度呈正相关。初始PCT水平高并且在治疗过程中持续升高或不降是预后不良的标志。

4.大手术和严重创伤患者细菌感染并发症监测

与细胞因子和其它炎性指标不同的是,在创伤和手术时血浆PCT浓度通常不升高或轻微的升高。没有细菌污染或内毒素释放的轻度创伤和小手术病人血浆PCT多处于正常范围之内,心胸外科手术出现轻微的升高,胃肠道手术及严重多发伤和烧伤病人血浆PCT通常在术后或伤后两天内出现暂时升高,但一般不超过2-3ug/L,推测这可能是肠道内毒素移位所致。若不并发细菌感染、脓毒症和MODS则很快下降。术后或伤后并发细菌感染,血浆PCT则一直保持高水平或持续升高,若感染和脓毒症得到根除和控制则很快下降至正常水平。

5.胰腺炎鉴别诊断

国外学者把50例急性胰腺炎患者按水肿性、无菌坏死性和感染坏死性胰腺炎分成三组,并检测血浆PCT、IL-8和CRP浓度,结果发现感染坏死组平均PCT和IL-8明显高于无菌坏死组,而CRP在两组间无差别。水肿性胰腺炎组三种指标均最低。通过ROC曲线统计分析,预测感染性坏死胰腺炎的最佳分界值PCT为0.8ug/L,IL-8为112ug/L,以此分界值为基准预测感染性坏死胰腺炎PCT的敏感性、特异性,准确度分别为94%、91%、92%,IL-8的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为72%、75%、74%。相比之下,PCT与感染坏死性胰腺炎发生最为相关。

降钙素原参考值

健康人的血浆PCT质量、浓度低于0.05ng/ml。老年人、慢性疾病患者、以及不足10%的健康人血浆PCT质量浓度高于0.05ng/ml,最高可达0.1ng/ml,但一般不超过0.3ng/ml。脓毒症患者PCT的诊断界值为超过0.5ng/ml,严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者PCT质量浓度波动在5~500ng/ml之间。极少数严重感染患者血浆PCT水平超过1000ng/ml。

C-反应蛋白(CRP)

CRP是一种能和肺炎链球菌的荚膜C多糖结合,由5个相同的亚单位(23KD)以非共价键聚集形成的环状五聚体蛋白,分子量为115 KD,半衰期为19h,多由白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等炎性分子刺激肝脏细胞合成。正常人血清中CRP含量极微。

C-反应蛋白监测适应症
①鉴别细菌感染与病毒感染

②监控感病情变化及术后感染

③预测心血管病危险

④用于疾病的随访和监控疗效

C-反应蛋白临床意义

1.鉴别细菌感染与病毒感染

CRP是急性时相反应蛋白之一,在感染发生后6-8h开始升高,24-48h达到高峰。比正常值高几百倍,升高幅度与感染的程度呈正相关。病毒感染时,CRP不增高(除了一些严重侵袭导致组织损伤的病毒如腺病毒、疱疹病毒等)。

2.监控病情变化及术后感染,并用于抗生素疗效观察

CRP在血中升高的幅度与感染的程度正相关。有研究表明,术后6小时左右,CRP开始升高,如无并发症应在术后三天下降直至正常,如术后出现感染,则CRP长时间不下降;术前CRP升高者,术后感染率也远高于术前CRP不高者。对细菌感染作抗生素治疗时,动态检测CRP是必要的,它比临床体征更早作出并发症警报和治疗效果的判定,在粒细胞缺乏症或机体免疫状态抑制时更有临床意义。

3.预测心血管病危险

持续的轻度CRP升高,说明有持续的炎症存在,可用于预测动脉粥样硬化的发生。有研究证实,与低水平CRP妇女相比,高水平CRP妇女患血管性疾病的危险度增加5倍,发生心梗或中风的危险度增加8倍。急性心肌梗死时CRP升高,在无溶栓治疗时与梗死范围呈正相关,在与梗死有关的冠状动脉完全堵塞时CRP更高。CRP可作为缺血性中风预后的独立预报指标,CRP大于10mg/L比小于10mg/L者危险性大得多。如CRP与总胆固醇、总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值三者结合在一起更可预知发生心肌梗死的相对危险度。

4.用于疾病的随访和监控疗效

在疾病发作后的六小时CRP含量即迅速升高,持续的时间与病程相仿,一旦疾病恢复,CRP含量迅速下降,对临床有一个先驱预报作用。若CRP持续升高或再度回升提示必须予以重视。为此,在病程中,作一系列CRP测定,对观察有否病情加重,呈现并发症和治疗监控等提供了有价值的信息。

C-反应蛋白参考值                                                                                                                                       感染性疾病:儿童和成年人90%<3mg/L,99%<10mg/L,10-99 mg/L提示局灶性或浅表性感染,≥100mg/L提示败血症或侵袭性感染等严重感染。敏感性达100%。

新生儿细菌性感染:一般新生儿血清CRP水平<2mg/L,大于此值即与细菌感染的严重程度有关。

用于心血管疾病危险性评估时:一般认为,hs-CRP<1.0mg/L为低危险性;1.0~3.0mg/L为中度危险性;P>3 mg/L为高度危险性。

项目分析

据研究,PCT与CRP临床符合性比较结果显示:PCT灵敏度=85%;特异度= 86.7%;总符合率=85.7%。PCT与CRP灵敏度=9O%;特异度=67%;总符合率=8O%。数据显示PCT和CRP在疾病灵敏度上差异不明显,但在特异性上PCT的特异性明显高于CRP。

CRP是一种急性反应蛋白,多种因素均可引起其升高,包括在心血管疾病中也会导致其升高,所以临床单凭CRP一项标志物,大大限制了辅助诊断作用。临床也需要更敏感、更特异的标志物来提高对重症感染和败血症的诊治。

PCT作为新的感染标志物,水平不受非感染因素影响。因此PCT对细菌感染的诊断价值明显高于WBC计数及CRP,是一项灵敏度好,特异性高的具有鉴别诊断意义的新指标。鉴别细菌性感染和非细菌性感染的能力明显的优于CRP,而且PCT还可以辅助临床诊断重症感染和败血症的需求。

PCT对细菌感染发生的局部感染或全身感染在临床指导上比CRP更具意义,CRP目前对全身感染有一定的敏感性,在针对局部细微感染其作用是受限制的。

PCT比CRP在抗生素治疗效果上更具有的指导性,PCT可避免抗生素乱用。

总结

CRP是一种急性反应蛋白,影响其升高的因素很多,因此极大的限制了其辅助诊断的作用。而临床需要更敏感、更特异的标志物来提高对重症感染和败血症的诊治。

PCT作为新的细菌感染标志物,灵敏度、特异性非常高,其水平受其他因素影响也较小。因此PCT的诊断价值明显优于CRP。

综述
无论是局部细菌感染或全身细菌感染PCT在临床上的指导意义都优于CRP,CRP对全身感染只有一定的敏感性,在针对局部细微感染其作用更是受限制。

因此在鉴别细菌性感染和非细菌性感染、辅助临床诊断重症感染和败血症、抗生素抗生素治疗效果评估、指导抗生素的使用等临床应用时建议使用PCT。

而CRP也不是完全被PCT所取代,其主要的应用在于预防和评估心血管疾病、监控病情变化及术后感染、疾病的随访和监控治疗。

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    2023-08-01 lvliquan
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    2022-09-15 ms2000001688513537

    在看

    0

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    2022-09-12 rebeccajiejie
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835940, encodeId=aaec183594028, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 04:43:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924732, encodeId=593a1924e3237, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd31388ecf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13887, encryptionId=4fd31388ecf, topicName=PCT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Tue Aug 01 13:43:21 CST 2023, time=2023-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1249043, encodeId=72a01249043ea, content=在看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa78302580, createdName=ms2000001688513537, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 09:57:50 CST 2022, time=2022-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269640, encodeId=498c1269640eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ca6952e52f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5275, encryptionId=ca6952e52f, topicName=CRP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 02:43:21 CST 2022, time=2022-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1277909, encodeId=456312e7909ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=464c98221e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降钙素原#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98221, encryptionId=464c98221e9, topicName=降钙素原)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d521144, createdName=wrj0121, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 02:43:21 CST 2022, time=2022-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1575050, encodeId=2f3c15e5050f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b265388684' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#C-反应蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3886, encryptionId=b265388684, topicName=C-反应蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ab8416056084, createdName=szhvet, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 02:43:21 CST 2022, time=2022-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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