Nature:新奇!Nature揭示肠道菌能够“发电”的秘密技能

2018-09-18 浮苏 生物探索

科学家们曾发现,只有在像矿井和湖底等特异环境中,一些细菌才能产生电能。但近日,加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员惊讶地发现,单核细胞增生李斯特菌等肠道菌竟然也能“发电”!这一发现为将来欲研究微生物发电技术的科学家带去了极大鼓舞。

9月12日,《Nature》杂志以“A flavin-based extracellular electron transfer mechanism in diverse Gram-positive bacteria”为题在线发表了这一最新成果。


DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0498-z

这些发电的细菌很多是人类肠道微生物群的一部分,且大多数是致病的,比如导致食源性疾病(一种易造成流产的疾病)的李斯特菌病、引起坏疽的细菌(梭菌)、医院获得性感染的细菌(粪肠球菌)以及一些引起疾病的链球菌等。其他一些产电细菌,如乳酸杆菌,在酸奶发酵中很重要,属于益生菌。

加州大学伯克利分校的分子和细胞生物学教授Dan Portnoy说:“事实上,许多与人类相互作用的细菌,无论是病原体还是益生菌,还是我们的微生物群,亦或是用于产品发酵的细菌,都是电致的,这一发现告诉了我们这些细菌是如何感染我们以及如何帮助我们拥有健康的肠道的。”

“呼吸”金属

细菌产生电能与我们呼吸氧气的原因相同: 清除新陈代谢过程中产生的电子,以支持能量的产生。尽管动物和植物将它们的电子转移到每个细胞线粒体内的氧气中,但是在没有氧气的环境中(包括肠道、酒精和奶酪发酵罐、酸性矿井等),细菌必须找到另一个电子受体。在地质环境中,这些细菌主要“呼吸”细胞外的矿物,如铁或锰。

将电子从细胞转移到矿物质需要一系列特殊的化学反应,即所谓的细胞外电子转移链,它以微小电流的形式携带电子。一些科学家已经开发了这种“链条”来制造电池:将电极粘在这些细菌的烧瓶中就可以发电。

新发现的细胞外电子转移系统实际上比已知的转移链更简单,且似乎只有在必要(也许是在氧含量低的时候)时,细菌才会被使用。迄今为止,这种更简单的电子转移链已经在具有单一细胞壁的细菌——被归类为革兰氏阳性菌的微生物中被发现,这种微生物生活在含有大量黄素的环境中,黄素是维生素B2的衍生物。

“看来,这些细菌的细胞结构和它们所占据的富含维生素的生态位,使得电子从细胞中转移出来变得更容易、更经济,” 博士后研究员、第一作者Sam Light说,“因此,我们认为,传统上研究的矿物质呼吸细菌使用细胞外电子转移,是因为后者对生存至关重要,而这些新发现的细菌使用这一途径,是因为 ‘容易’。”


李斯特菌在无处不在的黄素分子(黄点)的帮助下,以微小的电流将电子通过细胞壁传送到环境中。(图片来源:伯克利大学)

探索肠道菌产电系统

为了了解这个系统有多强大,Light与通讯作者、劳伦斯?伯克利国家实验室的Caroline Ajo-Franklin合作,他们探索了活微生物和无机材料之间的相互作用,以用于碳捕集、封存和生物太阳能发电。

在这项研究中,作者用一个电极测量细菌流出的电流,最高可达500微安,从而证实这确实是电致的。事实上,这些肠道菌产生的电大约相当于每细胞每秒10万个电子,与我们所知的产电细菌一样。

乳酸菌是生产奶酪、酸奶和泡菜的关键细菌,Light对乳酸菌中这种产电系统的存在特别感兴趣。他认为,也许电子传输在奶酪和泡菜的味道中起着一定的作用。

“这是细菌生理学的一大部分,人们尚未意识到这一点,或许可以通过操纵该系统使其为人类所用”。

目前,研究人员对于这些细菌如何以及为什么会发展出如此独特的系统还有很多疑问,例如肠道菌产电的简单性(为什么通过一个细胞壁传递电子比通过两个细胞壁更容易?)以及机会性(为什么利用普遍存在的黄素分子来去除电子?)这些问题还有待进一步解析。

原始出处:

Samuel H. Light, Lin Su, Rafael Rivera-Lugo, et.al. A flavin-based extracellular electron transfer mechanism in diverse Gram-positive bacteria. Nature 12 September 2018

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    2019-01-15 liye789132251
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    2018-09-26 tw007007

    神奇,感谢分享

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    2018-09-20 xuexin53

    学习

    0

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    2018-09-20 太阳系小猪

    厉害!肠道细菌可以打电!真是特别厉害!研究者也非常值得我们学习!

    0

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    2018-09-18 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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