Nat Genet:利用CRISPR鉴定出潜在的HIV治疗靶标

2016-12-21 生物谷 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自美国怀特海德研究所、拉根研究所和布罗德研究所的研究人员利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术鉴定出三个有望用于治疗HIV感染的新靶标。他们描述了如何利用CRISPR筛选HIV感染但不是细胞存活所必需的人基因的方法鉴定出5个基因---它们的三个在早前的利用RNA干扰(RNAi)的研究中并未被鉴定出。他们的方法也能够被用来鉴定出针对其他的病毒性病原体的治疗性靶标。相关研究结


在一项新的研究中,来自美国怀特海德研究所、拉根研究所和布罗德研究所的研究人员利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术鉴定出三个有望用于治疗HIV感染的新靶标。他们描述了如何利用CRISPR筛选HIV感染但不是细胞存活所必需的人基因的方法鉴定出5个基因---它们的三个在早前的利用RNA干扰(RNAi)的研究中并未被鉴定出。他们的方法也能够被用来鉴定出针对其他的病毒性病原体的治疗性靶标。相关研究结果于2016年12月19日在线发表在Nature Genetics期刊上,论文标题为“A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host dependency factors”。论文通信作者为David M Sabatini、Eric S Lander、Nir Hacohen和Bruce D Walker。

Sabatini观察到,“考虑之前发表的一些文献,我们吃惊地发现存在如此少的宿主因子是HIV感染所需的。”而且,Sabatini注意到“这种基于CRISPR的筛选方法的美妙之处在于它们产生明确的和可靠的结果”。

论文共同第一作者Ryan J. Park博士说,“当前的抗HIV药物靶向病毒蛋白。因为HIV非常快速地发生突变,所以耐药性HIV毒株经常会出现,特别是当病人忘记服用他们的药物时。开发新的药物来靶向HIV感染所需的人基因同时使得耐药性产生的机会潜在地更少是一种大有希望的HIV治疗方法。”

Walker解释道,“病毒是非常小的,具有非常少的基因---HIV仅有9个基因,而人有19,000多个基因---因此,病毒征用人基因来制造它们进行复制所必需的构成单元(building block)。我们的目标是鉴定出HIV进行复制所必需的但是能够被剔除而不会对病人造成伤害的人基因(也被称作宿主基因)”。

论文共同第一作者Tim Wang解释道,“CRISPR使得在DNA水平上对基因进行完全敲除是可能实现的;我们的全基因组的基于CRISPR-Cas9的方法靶向18,500多个基因,它们中的绝大多数是人蛋白编码基因。我们的研究展现了基于CRISPR的筛选方法如何被用来鉴定出在其他的病毒性病原体存活中起着至关重要作用但是对宿主细胞活力是非必要的宿主因子。这种方法的广泛应用应当会查明一类新的潜在治疗性靶标,它们之前并未被探究用于传染病治疗中。”

Hacohen补充道,“我们的研究的一个重要方面是重点关注人T细胞(一种免疫细胞),即HIV感染的主要靶标,和鉴定出在病毒对T细胞的感染中起着最为显著性作用的宿主基因。”

之前的研究已鉴定出几种宿主依赖性因子,包括HIV侵入CD4阳性T细胞所需的两种蛋白:CD4分子本身,HIV就结合到这种分子上;CCR5,它促进常见的HIV毒株结合。携带特定CCR5突变的个人对这些病毒毒株产生免疫力---确实,唯一被认为治愈HIV感染的一个人就是接受来自携带这种CCR5突变的供者的骨髓移植。尽管治疗性CCR5抑制剂已被开发出,并且在临床上进行使用,但是它们能够造成严重的副作用。

2008年的三项利用RNAi鉴定潜在的宿主依赖性因子的研究鉴定出800多种可能的靶标;但是这些研究结果之间很少存在重叠提示着存在较高的假阳性。此外,在这三项研究中,没有一项是利用HIV靶向的免疫细胞开展的,这也会降低鉴定出实际上参与HIV感染CD4阳性T细胞的基因的概率。

Wang解释道,“RNAi抑制但不会完全阻断基因表达---这可能允许靶基因产生足够多的蛋白来允许HIV感染---而且它也能够抑制靶基因之外的其他基因表达,从而导致假阳性结果。”

利用CRISPR对源自HIV敏感性的CD4阳性T细胞的一种细胞系进行筛选,研究人员鉴定出5个基因:当让它们失活时,会让细胞免受HIV感染,同时不会影响细胞存活。除了CD4和CCR5之外,这种筛选方法鉴定出编码两种酶的基因---TPST2和SLC35B2:它们对CCR5进行修饰以便HIV结合。另一个被鉴定出的基因是ALCAM,它参与细胞间粘附。当CD4阳性T细胞接触低水平HIV病毒时,正如在自然传播中可能观察到的那样,ALCAM缺失与显著地抵抗HIV感染相关联。

Park解释道,“在我们的细胞系中,ALCAM是细胞间粘附所必需的,从而允许病毒更加高效地从一个细胞转移到下一个细胞。事实上,我们发现人工诱导缺乏ALCAM的细胞聚集会恢复HIV的细胞间传播。还需开展进一步的研究来探究靶向这些基因是否对人体是有毒性的。然而,即便系统性抑制会有毒性作用,仅在CD4阳性T细胞或它们的前体细胞中选择性地靶向这些基因可能会避免这些毒性,不过应注意到基因疗法仍然是一种充满挑战性的潜在高成本的治疗方法。”

原始出处

Ryan J Park, Tim Wang, Dylan Koundakjian, Judd F Hultquist, Pedro Lamothe-Molina, Blandine Monel, Kathrin Schumann, Haiyan Yu, Kevin M Krupzcak, Wilfredo Garcia-Beltran, Alicja Piechocka-Trocha, Nevan J Krogan, Alexander Marson, David M Sabatini, Eric S Lander, Nir Hacohen & Bruce D Walker.A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host dependency factors.Nat Genet.2016


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    2017-02-14 canlab
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    2017-01-09 cy0324
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    2017-11-29 liye789132251
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    2016-12-22 yuandd
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    2016-12-22 zhaojie88

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