除了带走疼痛 什么也不能发生——自发性脑出血患者的镇痛镇静治疗

2019-06-10 杨翃 重症医学

患者情况接到外院电话,男性,50岁,考虑动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,拟转诊我院,电话介绍病情尚稳定,意识模糊,躁动,未行气管插管。我科医生立即携带出诊箱随救护车接诊病人。病人体重约70Kg,眉头紧皱,躁动,出汗,肢体扭曲,瞳孔等大等圆,光反射灵敏,呼吸26bpm,BP 185/105mmHg,HR 120bpm,SPO2 98%,GCS评分E3V4M5,持续泵注尼莫地平及硝普钠(50mg/50ml

患者情况

接到外院电话,男性,50岁,考虑动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,拟转诊我院,电话介绍病情尚稳定,意识模糊,躁动,未行气管插管。我科医生立即携带出诊箱随救护车接诊病人。

病人体重约70Kg,眉头紧皱,躁动,出汗,肢体扭曲,瞳孔等大等圆,光反射灵敏,呼吸26bpm,BP 185/105mmHg,HR 120bpm,SPO2 98%,GCS评分E3V4M5,持续泵注尼莫地平及硝普钠(50mg/50ml)以5ml/h 控制血压。

评估

对于这样一位可能有言语障碍的患者,我们选用了非言语疼痛评估表(NVPS)。该患者在面部表情、身体活动度、保护性姿势和生理参数(血压及心率)4个维度的评分都达到了2分,总分为8分,存在重度疼痛。我们希望维持患者RASS评分在-2-0分之间,以比较好地进行GCS评估。经过评估,该患者需要镇痛镇静治疗。

镇痛镇静策略

采用镇痛优先的最小化镇静策略

#不加重脑损伤

#不影响GCS评分

#不影响神志瞳孔

#随时能够被唤醒

药物选择-瑞芬太尼

#瑞芬太尼快速起效,1分钟左右迅速达到血-脑平衡,作用持续时间仅5~10分钟;

#其分布半衰期为1分钟;消除半衰期为6分钟; 终末半衰期为10-20分钟;

#主要通过血浆和组织中非特异性酯酶水解代谢,不受肝、肾功能的影响;

#静脉输注即时半衰期相当恒定,与给药剂量和持续给药时间无关,均为3-5min。

#小剂量瑞芬太尼(<=0.05ug/kg/min)能充分保持使用压力支持通气模式的重症病人镇静状态,而没有意识的丧失。

处理

控制期:



维持期:

盐酸瑞芬太尼以5ml/小时,瑞芬太尼1mg配至50ml,(0.023ug/kg/min)泵入;

右美托咪定以5ml/小时,右美200ug配至50ml,(0.28ug/kg/h )持续泵入 。

评估:

RASS  1,NVPS 1,GCS E3V4M5;呼之可睁眼,有遵嘱动作;停用硝普钠。

入院诊断与处理

行DSA诊断为:左大脑前动脉的动脉瘤破裂,在气管插管全麻下行脑动脉瘤夹闭术,术毕转入ICU,全麻未醒,呼吸机辅助呼吸,术前GCS评分E3V4M5,术后入科即刻测ABP为155/89mmHg,HR 70bpm,ICP 12mmHg。

5分钟后病人出现呛咳、躁动,ABP升至220/140mmHg,HR130bpm,ICP 26mmHg。

查询麻醉记录单,发现使用药物为超短效镇痛镇静药物。

处理措施

快速控制期



维持期

盐酸瑞芬太尼以7ml/小时,瑞芬太尼1mg配至50ml,(0.033ug/kg/min)泵入;

右美托咪定以5ml/小时,右美200ug配至50ml,( 0.28ug/kg/h )持续泵入 ;

评估

RASS-1,NVPS 0,GCSE3V4M5;患者呼之可睁眼,有遵嘱动作。

总结

有创操作期:遵医嘱按需给予短效的镇痛镇静药物预先处理;静脉注射瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、咪达唑仑等;

夜间睡眠期:夜间按需给予镇静催眠,在浅镇静的基础上,再给予咪达唑仑1-2mg 快速泵注诱导睡眠,保证睡眠质量,减少谵妄发生;

撤药期:逐步减少镇痛镇静药物;带呼吸机完成CT检查,拔除气管导管,逐步停用瑞芬太尼,再逐步减少直至停用右美托咪定。

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    2019-06-12 zhaojie88
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    2019-06-12 sodoo

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