Cell Host & Microbe:肠道菌群失衡和衰老如何相互加剧?

2017-04-20 杜焱恭 学术经纬

最近,加拿大麦克马斯特大学(McMaster University)的科学家们发现,肠道微生物在小鼠体内可引起衰老相关炎症和过早死亡。老年小鼠肠道微生物组成失衡(dysbiosis)可能导致肠道渗漏,向体内释放引发炎症的细菌产物,进而损害免疫功能和减少寿命。这项发表在《细胞》子刊《Cell Host & Microbe》研究可能提示改善老年人肠道健康和免疫功能的新策略。其实,类似的现象已在

最近,加拿大麦克马斯特大学(McMaster University)的科学家们发现,肠道微生物在小鼠体内可引起衰老相关炎症和过早死亡。老年小鼠肠道微生物组成失衡(dysbiosis)可能导致肠道渗漏,向体内释放引发炎症的细菌产物,进而损害免疫功能和减少寿命。这项发表在《细胞》子刊《Cell Host & Microbe》研究可能提示改善老年人肠道健康和免疫功能的新策略。

其实,类似的现象已在人体中被发现。通常,体内具有高水平炎症分子的老年人更有可能出现身体虚弱、生活自理能力下降和住院等状况。同时,他们也更容易遭受感染、老年痴呆和心血管疾病等。然而到目前为止,人们尚不清楚肠道微生物组成、炎症与老年人健康状况恶化之间的联系。

“到目前为止,为减少衰老相关炎症可做的事情似乎只有健康饮食、锻炼和尽可能地去控制任何的慢性炎性病症,”文章通讯作者Dawn Bowdish教授说道:“我们希望,将来能够使用药物或益生菌,来改善肠道的屏障功能,使得微生物处在其应有的位置,减少衰老年龄相关炎症以及任何与之相伴的。”

研究者发现,衰老相关炎症会导致巨噬细胞功能减退和组织损伤。他们在无菌条件下饲养一批小鼠,并将其与常规培养的对照小鼠进行比较。与常规培养小鼠相比,无菌小鼠没有出现衰老相关的炎症增加,且平均寿命更长。如果将无菌小鼠与老年小鼠混合在一起饲养,其出现衰老相关炎症的比例增加,而与年轻小鼠混合饲养则没有上述后果。


▲年轻和年老小鼠的肠壁(图片来源:《Cell Host & Microbe》)

在正常的人体和小鼠体内,衰老的过程会伴随与血液和组织中促炎症因子——如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)——水平的升高。其中,TNF的增多会损害巨噬细胞的功能,并增加肠壁的通透性。相比之下,无菌小鼠则不会随着年龄增长而出现TNF水平的增高。与此相符,TNF表达缺陷小鼠则不会发展出衰老相关炎症。正常小鼠若被施以抗TNF单抗药物Humira,则会减少肠道微生物群因衰老发生的变化。这说明,肠道菌群组成可因宿主体内的炎症状态而改变。

总的来说,肠道菌群产物的对肠壁渗漏在一生都会发生。然而,随着年龄的增长,这一现象会诱导炎症反应,可进一步造成肠道菌群的生态失衡。肠道菌群的失衡则会增加肠壁的通透性,从而增加肠道菌群产物的渗漏。这样的正反馈过程会随着衰老不断增多,其机制如下图所示。


▲图片来源:《Cell Host & Microbe》

“我们认为,如果减少炎症,便可能提高免疫功能;如果提高免疫功能,便可能保持肠道微生物群的健康状态,但我们还不是十分清楚,”Dawn Bowdish教授说道:“我们还认为,针对性治疗衰老相关的炎症有望改善免疫功能,我们为此正在考虑对上市药物进行适当改造,以开发出新的策略或疗法。”

原始出处:

Thevaranjan N, Puchta A, Schulz C, Naidoo A,et al. Age-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis Promotes Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Macrophage Dysfunction. Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Apr 12.

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    2017-05-20 xjy02
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    2017-09-20 维他命
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    2017-04-20 天涯183

    非常好的研究学,习了,很受益。

    0

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