新型尿红细胞参数在各型肾小球肾炎诊断中的临床价值

2017-08-24 佚名 检验医学网

尿红细胞形态学分析对肾性血尿和非肾性血尿的鉴别有重要参考价值,而红细胞形态的变化特征和分类对不同类型肾脏疾病的鉴别诊断有不同的提示作用。以往,由人工通过普通光学显微镜或相差显微镜对尿红细胞的形态进行鉴别,随着数字图像分析技术的成熟,为不同类型肾脏疾病的鉴别诊断提供更丰富、更客观、更精确的指标。

尿红细胞形态学分析对肾性血尿和非肾性血尿的鉴别有重要参考价值,而红细胞形态的变化特征和分类对不同类型肾脏疾病的鉴别诊断有不同的提示作用。以往,由人工通过普通光学显微镜或相差显微镜对尿红细胞的形态进行鉴别,随着数字图像分析技术的成熟,为不同类型肾脏疾病的鉴别诊断提供更丰富、更客观、更精确的指标。

AVE-76系列尿液有形成分分析仪可从高倍拍摄的图像中分割出红细胞,进行大小、形状、纹理、色度等特征参数的提取,绘制成红细胞形状、大小、色度曲线图,并两两组合成散点图,为进一步分析尿液中红细胞的来源提供参考依据。

解放军总医院检验科对这种新型尿红细胞参数的临床应用进行了研究,利用AVE-764尿液有形成分分析仪检测不同病理类型的原发性(39例)和继发性(13例)肾小球性肾炎患者,观察尿液中芽孢形红细胞百分率和尿红细胞大小-形状位相图的异同。发现肾小球肾炎患者芽孢形红细胞百分率较高时常为原发性肾小球肾炎,结合尿红细胞位相图可为不同病理类型的肾小球肾炎的鉴别诊断提供一定的参考价值。

主要结果

1   芽孢形红细胞形态学比对结果

原发性肾小球肾炎芽孢红细胞检出率(21/39,53.8%)明显高于继发性肾小球肾炎(4/13,30.8%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。

表1  原发性肾小球肾炎和继发性肾小球肾炎芽孢形红细胞百分率比较


不同类型原发性肾小球肾炎患者的芽孢红细胞百分率情况见表2。

表2  3种原发性肾小球肾炎患者芽孢形红细胞百分率比较


2  尿红细胞大小-形状位相图比对结果

红细胞大小-形状位相图是以红细胞大小为横坐标,形状为纵坐标,仪器自动生成的散点图,不同形状的尿红细胞大小-形状位相图见图1。


图1 尿红细胞大小-形状位相图

A 图示 横条形大小-形状位相图,红细胞大小不一(80-140 fl),形状较均一,以圆形为主;

B 图示 倒三角形大小-形状位相图,红细胞大小波动较大(80-140 fl),也可在其外,形状不一;

C 图示 扫尾形大小-形状位相图,红细胞大小波动很大(<80 fl,或者>160 fl),形状不一,  整体呈现下降趋势;

D 图示 散点状大小-形状位相图,因细胞数目少,无法定义其形状

原发性及继发性肾小球肾炎患者的大小-形状位相图比较见表3。

表3  原发性肾小球肾炎和继发性肾小球肾炎大小-形状位相图形状的比较


不同类型原发性肾小球肾炎患者的红细胞大小-形状位相图比较见表4。

表4  3种原发性肾小球肾炎患者红细胞大小-形状位相图形状的比较


讨  论

实验研究了以大小、形状两种指标综合分析而得的大小-形状散点图与原发性和继发性肾小球肾炎的关系。其中原发性肾小球肾炎以横条形和倒三角形为主,表明其大小变化范围较大,而形状均一或较为均一;继发性肾小球肾炎则呈现明显的拖尾状态,即大小和形状的差异均大。其中横条形、倒三角形和拖尾形分别比较时,其在原发性和继发性肾小球肾炎样本中的出现率有显着性差异。产生这种情况的原因可能如下:系统性疾病所致的继发性肾小球肾炎,伴发的血尿可能是混合性血尿;某些继发性肾小球肾炎尿红细胞出现率较高,但尿中仅能见到少数芽孢红细胞,小部分的芽孢形红细胞可将形状差异拉宽;原发性肾小球肾炎患者常伴随贫血症状,其细胞常较正常红细胞小;继发性肾小球肾炎患者常可伴随多处不同类型肾脏病变,其病理变化复杂,细胞形态更为多样。

临床中原发性肾小球肾炎主要以IgA肾病和膜性肾病为主,如出现典型的横条形和倒三角形,应首先怀疑这两种病理类型。微小病变性肾病未出现横条形和倒三角形的位相图也支持这种推理。在本研究中,有1例糖尿病肾病患者,其大小-形状位相图为典型的横条形,分析其病理报告可知其病变较重,红细胞可能从病变部位直接漏出,观察其截图可知其红细胞形态基本正常,横条形大小-形状位相图为其正常反映。需要注意的是,横条形和倒三角形大小-形状位相图其并没有明确的界限,实际应用中可联系红细胞形态来进行诊断。如某患者尿芽孢红细胞百分率在20%以上,且大小-形状位相图为倒三角形,则应高度怀疑为原发性肾小球肾炎,且应怀疑临床常见的IgA肾病和膜性肾病。

研究尝试将芽孢形红细胞百分率和红细胞大小-形状位相图与肾小球肾炎的病理分类联系起来,对于肾活检前和(或)不宜肾活检的患者,可对其肾小球病变类型进行初步的判断。

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    2017-08-26 villahu
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    2017-08-24 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅.

    0