肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)新的治疗靶点——MET Exon 14跳跃突变,沃利替尼能显身手!

2020-05-29 肿瘤资讯 肿瘤资讯

众所周知,肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)在非小细胞肺癌中占比较低,由于其独特的临床表现,在肺癌病理分型中不可被忽视。PSC临床诊断困难、恶性程度高、对化疗和免疫不敏感,中位PFS只有1-2个月左右。随着近年来杂

众所周知,肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)在非小细胞肺癌中占比较低,由于其独特的临床表现,在肺癌病理分型中不可被忽视。PSC临床诊断困难、恶性程度高、对化疗和免疫不敏感,中位PFS只有1-2个月左右。随着近年来杂交捕获的NGS平台兴起,MET exon14跳跃突变的检测更为普及。一项来自中国的研究发现,MET exon14跳跃突变在肺肉瘤样癌(Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma,PSC)中的发生率达到31.8%,临床前研究提示这类患者有望从MET抑制剂靶向治疗中获益。但由于目前MET抑制剂三架马车中,只有中国自主研发的MET抑制剂沃利替尼(Savolitinib)的临床研究纳入了高达39%的PSC患者,因此相比之下能够较客观地反映MET抑制剂对MET exon14跳跃突变PSC的疗效,给临床带来参考。

MET Exon14跳跃突变,激活MET激酶通路

MET基因,全名间质上皮转化因子,是一种高亲和力的原癌基因受体酪氨酸激酶,其配体为肝细胞生长因子(HGF)。MET与HGF二者结合后可以激活参与肿瘤发生和转移的Ras-MAPK和PI3K-AKt信号传导途径,该下游信号通路是常见的致癌通路之一,可以介导癌基因通路活化,促进细胞增殖、生长和转移。我们常提及的c-MET是MET基因编码产生的具有自主磷酸化活性的跨膜受体。MET是基因,c-MET是基因指导合成的蛋白。

MET基因可以通过多种形式活化,包括选择性体细胞突变,如Exon14跳跃突变,MET基因扩增和MET蛋白过表达等。2014年,美国癌症基因研究组(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)发布230例可切除肺腺癌的包含DNA、mRNA、microRNA水平的综合基因谱分析结果。通过对mRNA和DNA高通量测序结果及序列比对分析,发现约4%(10/230)肺腺癌因MET基因DNA水平第14外显子剪接区域(splice-sites)的突变导致MET第14外显子在mRNA水平出现部分或完全跳跃缺失(exon14-skipping)。

MET exon14编码的近膜结构域是MET的关键负性调控区,包含一半胱天冬酶(caspase)裂解序列(ESVD1002)和一个E3泛素连接酶c-Cbl酪氨酸结合位点(Y1003),参与MET蛋白的泛素化和降解。近膜结构域的缺失可使MET蛋白泛素化障碍,MET降解率减低,从而增加MET的稳定性、引起下游信号的持续激活。导致MET exon14在转录水平跳跃缺失的原因主要是MET exon14剪接区域的点突变或缺失突变(deletion),还有极少数是Y1003*点突变。MET exon14跳跃突变在肺癌中的发生率为3%~4%,与ALK重排的发生率相近;在PSC中发生率更高,为8% ~ 30%。近年来,随着杂交捕获的NGS平台的应用,MET exon14跳跃突变的检测更为普及。

雪上加霜——MET14外显子跳变的PSC患者复发风险更高

随着检测手段不断进步,对PSC分子特征的探索也不断深入。研究发现PSC是一种驱动基因突变频率较高的NSCLC,以EGFR、KRAS、ALK和MET基因突变较为常见,其中MET基因突变的频率为20%~31.8%,来自不同研究的数据显示东西方PSC患者中MET基因突变的比例相似。

MET基因编码的蛋白c-MET是一种跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体,MET通路参与调节细胞的增殖、迁移和血管生成等过程。MET基因突变包括第14外显子跳读和基因扩增等,会导致MET通路的异常激活,从而驱动癌细胞的增殖、迁移,促进肿瘤发展。回顾性研究显示,中国PSC患者中MET14外显子跳变的发生率为20.8%-22%。

2018年,Li等在77名PSC患者的研究中显示,对比驱动基因阴性患者,MET14外显子跳变阳性的晚期PSC患者疾病进展的速度更快。在随访期内,两组患者的中位PFS为:尚未到达 vs. 3.97个月(p=0.017)。MET14外显子跳变的存在,使原本就恶性程度较高的PSC,治疗处境更加艰难。

传统治疗方案收效甚微,新型治疗手段是否能够取得突破呢?遗憾的是,虽然近年来免疫治疗在众多领域取得突破,但面对MET14外显子跳变患者似乎疗效欠佳。美国NCCN指南明确指出,存在MET14外显子跳变的肺癌患者即使PD-L1高表达,接受免疫治疗响应率仍较低。

MET Exon14跳跃突变较高的发生率,重新点燃肺肉瘤研究兴趣

随着MET exon14跳跃突变的发现,重新点燃了人们对PSC的研究兴趣。2015年,中山大学附属肿瘤医院刘学文等通过高通量测序及针对c-MET基因的靶向测序,在36例PSC中发现了8例(发生率约22%)MET exon14缺失突变。研究同时通过细胞实验证实,MET抑制剂或siRNA能有效抑制c-MET exon14跳跃突变介导的下游信号激活和突变肿瘤细胞(Hs746T及H596)的生长、增殖。因此MET exon14跳跃突变有望成为PSC新的治疗靶点。

MET抑制剂在MET Exon14跳跃突变的肺肉瘤中崭露头角

鉴于MET exon14跳跃突变在PSC中发生率如此之高,可能成为PSC潜在的治疗靶点,引发了临床医生的探索兴趣。自2015年开始,不断有个案报道提示,MET exon14跳跃突变的PSC可以从MET抑制剂治疗中获益。然而,个案报道的数据并不足以改变临床实践,我们期待临床研究的结果。非常遗憾的是,也许是因为PSC的整体预后太差,可能影响整个MET exon14跳跃突变人群的疗效,进而影响整体试验结果, 并不是每个MET抑制剂的研究都会入组PSC患者。只有中国自主研发的MET抑制剂沃利替尼的临床研究(NCT02897479),纳入了高达39%的PSC患者,能够相对客观反映出MET抑制剂对MET exon14跳跃突变PSC的疗效。

这项在2019年中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)年会上公布的沃利替尼国内Ⅱ期注册临床研究,最早的设计是只针对MET exon14跳跃突变的PSC患者,后来才扩大到MET exon14跳跃突变其他NSCLC人群。因此,该研究有接近40%患者是PSC患者,所有入组的患者中超过90%是Ⅳ期患者,所有患者中超过1/4患者合并脑转移,应该说是NSCLC中肿瘤负荷和恶性程度最高的那部分患者。 

研究结果显示,沃利替尼治疗化疗失败或不适合化疗的MET exon14跳跃突变且EGFR/ALK/ROS-1阴性、既往未接受过MET抑制剂治疗的PSC(n=13)或其他NSCLC(n=23)患者,总体客观缓解率(ORR)达52.8%,疾病控制率(DCR)达到94.4%。无论PSC患者为初治或复治,均能从沃利替尼治疗中获益,但我们也看到初治PSC患者ORR仅33.3%,比起其他NSCLC患者缓解率相对更低,说明虽然靶向治疗虽有一定疗效,但PSC患者预后总体还是相对更差。

总结

随着基因检测技术的进展,研究发现MET exon14跳跃突变在PSC中有较高发生率,有望成为这类难治性癌症的潜在治疗靶点。近年来,不断有临床个案报道提示MET exon14跳跃突变的PSC可能从MET抑制剂治疗中获益,沃利替尼临床研究数据初步提示MET抑制剂的疗效。

参考文献

1.Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensivemolecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2014;511:543-50.

2.Liu X, Jia Y, Stoopler MB, et al. Next-Generation sequencing of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma reveals high frequency of actionable MET gene mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 27

3.Lee C, Usenko D, Frampton GM, McMahon C, Ali SM, Weiss J. MET 14 Deletion in Sarcomatoid Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Detected by Next-Generation Sequencing and Successfully Treated with a MET Inhibitor. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10: e113-114.

4.沃利替尼治疗MET外显子14跳变非小细胞肺癌患者的Ⅱ期研究:初步疗效和安全性结果. 摘要5707,2019 CSCO.

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    2020-06-06 一闲
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    2020-05-31 gjsgj
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    2020-05-29 lovetcm

    靶点越来越多,值得期待🟢🟤🍅🌴

    0

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