小心!诺如病毒高发期 北京已报告807病例

2015-01-30 MedSci综合 MedSci原创

针对近期不少成人、儿童被“诺如病毒”感染,北京市疾控中心表示,北京仍处于诺如病毒感染高发期。2014年,北京共报告807例诺如病毒病例,发现聚集性病例39起,涉23所幼儿园和15所小学、1所大学。 市疾控中心表示,学校、幼儿园如发生诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情,学生症状消失后3天方可复课。学校最后一例病例出现后3天无新发病例方可解除疫情措施,期间学校及托幼机构不应组织外出聚会及开展大型活动。

针对近期不少成人、儿童被“诺如病毒”感染,北京市疾控中心表示,北京仍处于诺如病毒感染高发期。2014年,北京共报告807例诺如病毒病例,发现聚集性病例39起,涉23所幼儿园和15所小学、1所大学。

市疾控中心表示,学校、幼儿园如发生诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情,学生症状消失后3天方可复课。学校最后一例病例出现后3天无新发病例方可解除疫情措施,期间学校及托幼机构不应组织外出聚会及开展大型活动。

据悉,诺如病毒是急性肠胃炎最常见的病原体,人一生中可多次感染,容易在养老院、餐馆、学校、托儿所、医院、游轮等相对密闭场所引起暴发。该病毒病程一般2至3天,感染后可导致急性胃肠炎,主要表现为呕吐、腹泻等,目前无疫苗,也没有特异的抗病毒药物。(新京报/温薷)

一则来自社交媒体的传言「紧急提醒,我国部分省份暴发诺如病毒,感染性极强」在中文网络广为流传。

这次不是谣言,中国疾控中心已经证实了诺如病毒的暴发——「目前正处于诺如病毒感染性腹泻的高发季节,我国部分省份相继出现了诺如病毒暴发疫情。」

冬季呕吐病

虽然听起来名字有点唬人——诺如病毒,它其实是一种常见病毒,并不是一种新型病毒。感染后 48 小时内,患者会出现呕吐、腹泻等急性胃肠炎症状,以呕吐症状更多见。冬季又是诺如病毒暴发流行的高发季节,也被称为「冬季呕吐病」。

因为非常容易污染食物,在美国,诺如病毒引起了近 50% 的食源性疾病。它也是引起腹泻暴发疫情的最主要病原。

去年冬天以来,福建、浙江、广东等地已经出现了多起聚集性的暴发疫情,幼儿园、学校、医院、养老院、大型游轮是重灾区。

感染性极强

这是一种感染性极强的病毒,只需要 10 - 100 个病毒粒子就可以致病。要知道,一次呕吐就可以排出数以亿计的病毒粒子。病毒通过气溶胶在空气中弥散,造成聚集性的疫情暴发。

我记得在深圳一家幼儿园里,仅仅因为一个患病的孩子的呕吐,造成了全班十几个孩子的爆发疫情。老师们很委屈,已经最快速度把呕吐物清理干净了。

实际上,由于这种病毒感染力极强,普通的清理方法是错误的。如果家中有人感染了诺如病毒,呕吐或腹泻后,记得按照正确的方法及时对被污染的家具、地板和衣服进行消毒——先洒上比如「84」这样含氯的消毒液,用纸巾、抹布等遮盖物覆盖 30 分钟,再行清理。这时候,医用酒精可是无效的。

未标题-4.jpg

图片来自:美国 CDC

抗生素无效

感染诺如病毒之后,是没有特效药物的。感染诺如病毒之后,会腹泻和呕吐,有时候我们会自行服用抗生素,这是错误的方法,抗生素对诺如病毒是无效的,只会造成抗生素的滥用。

好在它是一种自愈性的疾病,和感冒一样。只需要进行对症治疗即可,如果发烧就退烧,腹泻就止泻。

在症状不算严重的情况下,可以呆在家中,通过口服补液,纠正脱水和电解质紊乱,以及进行休息、饮食调理等对症处理即可。

不含咖啡因和酒精的运动饮料,可起到一定的补水效果,但不能补充重要的营养成分和矿物质。在药店购买口服补液是最有效的治疗方法。

当症状严重时,比如剧烈的呕吐和腹泻至脱水,你就该去医院了。

但老人、婴幼儿及患有基础性疾病的人发生严重并发症的风险较高,需特别关注。

值得注意的是,症状消失后的 3 天以内,身上携带的病毒仍然具有强传播力。所以,痊愈后的 3 天,最好不要去人群聚集的地方,以免造成病毒的再次传播。

没有疫苗

和流行性感冒一样,诺如病毒极容易变异,哪怕你已经感染过这种病毒,仍然没没有豁免权。下一次病毒以新的形式来袭时,你的免疫系统在它面前,还是白纸一张。

坏消息是,目前还没有针对它的疫苗上市,目前美国有几家小公司在进行疫苗的研发,上市尚需时日。

你能做什么?

来自中国疾控中心和浙江省疾控中心的权威建议是:个人卫生、食品卫生和饮水卫生是预防的关键。应养成勤洗手、不喝生水、生熟食物分开避免交叉污染等健康生活习惯。

诺如病毒感染危险因素主要为被污染的贝类、蔬果、桶装水和井水等,因此吃瓜果前,一定要洗净、去皮;贝类海水产品则一定要煮熟煮透方可食用,诺如病毒抵抗力较强,在 60 ℃ 高温或经快速汽蒸仍可存活。

选用卫生合格的桶装水,自来水和桶装水最好烧开饮用,避免开水与生水混合饮用,以防水被污染引起发病。

及时用含氯漂白剂清洗被呕吐物或粪便污染的表面,立即脱掉和清洗被污染的衣物或床单等,清洗时应戴上橡胶或一次性手套,并在清洗后认真洗手。(庞芬 本文作者供职于深圳市福田区疾控中心/shutterstock.com)


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    2015-10-25 hlycom3356

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    2015-10-25 hlycom3356

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    2015-10-25 hlycom3356

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    2015-10-25 hlycom3356

    这篇文章写得非常好

    0

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    2015-02-23 orthoW

    不错的文章,学习了

    0

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    2015-01-30 lsjhyxl

    不是吧,这么常见。。

    0

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