春季高发!警惕过敏性紫癜,一文搞定诊疗方案

2022-03-14 网络 网络

过敏性紫癜( henoch-schonleinpurpura,HSP,allergic purpura) 是一种常见的血管变态反应性疾病,主要病变为小血管炎,其主要临床症状为非血小板减少性的皮肤紫癜、

过敏性紫癜( henoch-schonleinpurpura,HSP,allergic purpura) 是一种常见的血管变态反应性疾病,主要病变为小血管炎,其主要临床症状为非血小板减少性的皮肤紫癜、胃肠道症状、关节症状、肾脏症状等。

病因

该病的病因及发病机制尚不完全清楚,尽管感染(细菌、细胞、病毒等)、麻醉、食物(牛奶、鸡蛋等)及药物(抗生素等)过敏、恶性病变、疫苗接种等均可导致其发病,但尚无确切证据。 

目前,多数学者认为以上因素均可以刺激机体产生IgE抗体,从而通过 IgE所介导的变应反应诱导HSP。

 

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02.临床表现

1.皮疹

最为常见,典型的紫癜形成前可为荨麻疹或红色丘疹,四肢臀部对称分布,可扩散至躯干面部。

2.关节症状

30%~40%的患儿以关节痛、腹痛起病,可长达14天无皮疹,极易误诊。

3.胃肠道症状

包括腹痛呕吐,偶有大量出血、肠梗阻、肠穿孔等。还有少见的肠系膜血管炎、胰腺炎、胆囊炎等。

4.肾脏损害

发生率20%~60%。常有血尿、蛋白尿。另有高血压、肾炎、肾病综合征等。

5.其他表现

生殖系统以睾丸炎常见。神经系统受累占2%。常见头痛、抽搐、瘫痪等等。少见肺部病变、肌肉、结膜下出血、腮腺炎、心肌炎等。

 

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03.诊断标准

2010年EULAR/PRINTO/PRES标准:

1. 皮肤紫癜:分批出现的可触性紫癜,或下肢明显的瘀点,无血小板减少。

2. 腹痛:急性弥漫性腹痛,可出现肠套叠或胃肠道出血。

3. 组织学检查:以 IgA 免疫复合物沉积为主的白细胞碎裂性血管炎,或 IgA 沉积为主的增殖性肾小球肾炎。

4. 关节炎或关节痛

(1)关节炎:急性关节肿胀或疼痛伴有活动受限;

(2)关节痛:急性关节疼痛不伴有关节肿胀或活动受限。

5. 肾脏受累

(1)蛋白尿:>0.3g/d,或晨尿样本白蛋白肌酐比 >30mmol/mg;

(2)血尿,红细胞管型:每高倍视野红细胞>5 个,或尿潜血≥ 2+,或尿沉渣见红细胞管型。

其中第1条为必要条件,加上2~ 5中的至少一条即可诊断为过敏性紫癜;对于非典型病例,尤其在皮疹出现之前已出现其他系统症状时容易误诊,注意鉴别诊断。

2005年欧洲儿童肾脏病防治委员会诊断的标准:

(1)儿童皮肤出现紫癜;

(2)出现扩散性腹痛;

(3)检查免疫球蛋白lgA在肾脏中的沉积量;(4)突发关节炎或者关节肿痛;

(5)肾脏受损伤 。

上述诊断标准中,有(1)皮肤紫癜出现的症状再加上(2)(3)(4)(5)中任意一条症状即可确诊为儿童过敏性紫癜。

 

鉴别诊断

需要与原发性血小板减少性紫癜、风湿性关节炎、外科急腹症、败血症等鉴别。

 

免疫荧光显微镜检查显示系膜免疫球蛋白 A (IgA) 沉积

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04.治疗

目前无特效疗法,主要采取对症支持治疗。

1.一般治疗:卧床休息,注意液量、营养及保持保持电解质平衡。积极寻找并去除致病因素,控制感染。饮食建议从基本的食物淀粉类开始使用,适当限制异种蛋白摄入,随着过敏状态逐渐解除,再逐一添加肉蛋鱼虾等异种蛋白。

2. 对症治疗:有荨麻疹或血管神经性水肿时,应用抗组胺药物和钙剂,如H2受体阻滞剂西咪替丁,用法:20~40 mg/(kg.d),分 2 次静滴,1~2 周后改为口服,15~20 mg/(kg.d),分三次服用,继续应用1~2周;可用大剂量维生素C2~3g/d,改善血管通透性;腹痛时应用解痉药物,如 654-2;消化道出血时应禁食。

3. 抗凝治疗:本病急性期往往存在高凝状态,多种凝血因子水平异常,对于紫癜性肾炎患者可加用抗凝药物,阿司匹林3~5 mg/(kg.d),每日1次口服或双嘧达莫片3~6g/(kg.d),分次服用。以紫癜性肾炎为主要表现时,可用肝素钠 120~150U/kg加入10% 葡萄糖溶液100ml 中静脉滴注,每日1次,连续5天或肝素钙10IU/kg 皮下注射,每日2次,连续7天。

4. 糖皮质激素:单独皮肤或关节病变时,无须使用糖皮质激素。以下几种情况是用激素的指征:

  • 严重消化道病变,如消化道出血时,可用泼尼松1~2mg/(kg.d),分次口服,或用地塞米松、甲泼尼龙静脉滴注,症状缓解后即可停用;

  • 表现为肾病综合征者,可用泼尼松1~2mg/(kg.d)不短于8周;

  • 急进性肾炎可用甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗,每次10~ 30mg/kg(总量 < 1 g),每日或隔日1次,3次为1个疗程。激素治疗无效者,可加用免疫抑制剂。

但目前对于早期应用糖皮质激素能否预防肾脏损害的发生,仍存在争议。

5.免疫抑制剂的应用:糖皮质激素治疗HSP反应不佳或依赖者用或改用吗替麦考酚酯后可改善胃肠道症状(包括腹痛和肠出血)、关节炎症状及皮疹反复发作,也有静脉环孢素A有效治疗HSP合并肺泡出血病例的报道。近年吗替麦考酚酯、环孢素、他克莫司等免疫抑制剂常用于HSPN患者的治疗。

6. 血浆置换:适用于急进性紫癜性肾炎(病理提示新月体形成)及过敏性紫癜伴有严重合并症者。

7.静脉用丙球蛋白:能明显改善HSP坏死性皮疹、严重胃肠道症状、脑血管炎的症状。

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05.预防&预后

预防:

积极控制口腔、耳鼻喉感染,以及进行扁桃体及腺样本切除术对皮疹反复复发及紫癜性肾炎的治疗有效,有研究对40例难治性过敏性紫癜患者中31例积极控制口腔及耳鼻喉感染可促进其临床缓解,9例效果不好者(反复发作、持续严重紫癜或肾炎)采取切除扁桃体加用甲泼尼松冲击治疗取得良好效果,均临床治愈,随访2~10年无复发。

预后

过敏性紫癜,近期预后主要与消化道症状有关,远期预后与肾炎有关。有研究认为消化道预期也会影响其远期预后。

过敏性紫癜患儿20%~60%发生紫癜性肾炎,远期预后与肾脏受累的严重程度有关。总体发生终末期肾病(ESKD)的风险小于2%。有报道年龄大于4岁患儿并发严重肾炎所占比例高达80%,除了年龄外,严重的腹痛及肠道出血,紫癜持续超过1个月及血清ⅩⅢ因子减少也是肾脏受累的危险因素。

起病时表现为肾炎综合征、肾病综合征、肾炎型肾病患儿,约5%~20%发展为终末期肾病。以孤立性血尿或尿蛋白为早期发病表现患者发生长期肾损伤的比例为1.6%,肾炎或肾病综合征为早期发病表现患者发生长期肾损伤的比例为19.5%,以肾炎及肾病综合征混合型为早期发病表现患者中发生长期肾损伤的比例为45%~50%。幼年时换过HSP的妊娠妇女易发生高血压、蛋白尿及子痫。

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    2023-04-28 ms6000000714509682 来自辽宁省

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    2023-01-17 ms3000001627599051 来自四川省

    收获很多

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2129074, encodeId=863321290e4df, content=温故而知新,再次学习收获满满, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=28b88637061, createdName=ms6000000714509682, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 19:19:15 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2110660, encodeId=b7012110660c2, content=收获很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f865475954, createdName=ms3000001627599051, createdTime=Tue Jan 17 23:38:53 CST 2023, time=2023-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=四川省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904884, encodeId=9d9f190488460, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dab91e025d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91702, encryptionId=6dab91e025d, topicName=诊疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e457184, createdName=qingting, createdTime=Tue Jun 28 23:59:18 CST 2022, time=2022-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2102945, encodeId=8d5c21029457e, content=血清XIII因子与HPSG关系机制?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2e845489837, createdName=金朝岁月, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 21:04:11 CST 2022, time=2022-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1926806, encodeId=45f9192680620, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65b3940481f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#过敏性紫癜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94048, encryptionId=65b3940481f, topicName=过敏性紫癜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Feb 08 10:59:18 CST 2023, time=2023-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1229704, encodeId=b5aa1229e04a0, content=学习了 谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1e556504447, createdName=ms9000002138466017, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 12:40:00 CST 2022, time=2022-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2047464, encodeId=3dd3204e46431, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f5294036b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#过敏性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94036, encryptionId=6f5294036b1, topicName=过敏性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a8e213, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Tue Jun 14 10:59:18 CST 2022, time=2022-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486709, encodeId=e8de1486e095b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f16e70667f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#紫癜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77066, encryptionId=9f16e70667f, topicName=紫癜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4ea98200085, createdName=bluefate124, createdTime=Wed Mar 16 01:59:18 CST 2022, time=2022-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-11-27 金朝岁月 来自河北省

    血清XIII因子与HPSG关系机制?

    0

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    2022-06-30 ms9000002138466017

    学习了 谢

    0

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