颠覆! 恶性肿瘤治疗又有新观点

2016-05-27 文汇报首席记者唐闻佳 文汇教育(ID:wenhuieducat

“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。   “我不知道我能拦下多少刀”。坐在办公室,朱正纲教授神色凝重。   他是上海瑞金医院胃肠外科的带头人,也是我国胃癌诊治与研究专家,就是他领衔的“一滴血筛查早期胃癌”正从实验室向市场转化。但近一年半,他的重心摆在胃癌晚期患者身上。 &nbsp

“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。
 
“我不知道我能拦下多少刀”。坐在办公室,朱正纲教授神色凝重。
 
他是上海瑞金医院胃肠外科的带头人,也是我国胃癌诊治与研究专家,就是他领衔的“一滴血筛查早期胃癌”正从实验室向市场转化。但近一年半,他的重心摆在胃癌晚期患者身上。
 
按现在的普遍认识,手术切除是这类患者的最后希望。可朱正纲不这样想,这一年来他到处去“拦刀”。他说开刀没用,还会起反作用。
 
这真是颠覆性的观点。
 
朱正纲顾不上得罪同行,他着急的是明明有更好的治疗方法了,但太多医生不了解或不敢尝试,结果是一些患者牺牲在“未进步”的医生手里。
 
人类对抗肿瘤已逾百年,新英格兰医学杂志曾说,回首过去200年,人类对肿瘤的认识已从盲人摸象跨越到管中窥豹。那么,下一步怎么走?
 
朱正纲医生的鼓与呼,让人意识到一种被忽略的可能性:人类对抗肿瘤百年,比起科技的创新与进步,人的观念进步更重要。

1、这个外科医生四处去“拦刀”

近日,第十一届全国胃癌学术会议在北京举行,朱正纲担任大会共同主席。在这个我国最高级别的胃癌大会上,一系列新数据让他轻松不起来。
 
去年,全球新增100万例胃癌患者,中国占42%。这数字每年这样增加着,构成一个庞大的患病群体。胃癌在我国各类肿瘤的发病率和死亡率都已排名第二。
 
“我们的问题是胃癌早期病例太少,仅占10%,也就是说90%新发现的胃癌都到了中晚期。对比我们的邻居,日本、韩国的早期胃癌发现率达到50%-60%,个别发达城市达到70%。”朱正纲说,胃癌早期发现水平跟经济水平有关,将早期胃癌筛查纳入医保、推广早筛项目、全民健康宣教等都有助于发现早期胃癌。
 
这些年,我国利用早筛项目、内窥镜(包括胃镜)等手段,将我国的胃癌早期发现率从3%拔到了10%,但面对大量晚期患者,这个数字是苍白的。在瑞金医院,早期胃癌发现率已经达到22%,大大超过了“国家水平”,但这仅仅是在一家医院。 
 
因为早期诊断率还不高,大量病人拖到了晚期才被发现。
 
这天上午,朱正纲看门诊,47岁的女病人两年前查出胃癌,晚期,在上海一家知名三甲医院开刀。但现在,肿瘤复发了,且大面积转移。一双儿女焦急地跑来问朱正纲怎么办。朱正纲看着她的手术记录,内心翻江倒海。

癌细胞美得甚至有点像艺术画,但它们也极其狡猾,会“伪装”,也会躲避人类的免疫系统,一代代医生在致力于搞清楚肿瘤到底是如何发生、发展的。
 
“我们对中晚期胃癌的认识已经落后了。”朱正纲记得老师傅培彬、林言箴这代人常说肿瘤能开刀的,肯定首选开刀。这之后,再化疗、放疗。老一辈对这种治疗方法形象比喻说:就是先把大山(肿瘤主体)搬掉,再用化疗、放疗等把周围的小土块清理掉。
 
学术上把这称作“去肿瘤负荷手术”,走到今天,这种治疗观念已深植于全国大小医院,晚期病人跑到医院里,来一个,就开(刀)一个。
 
可怖的是,就跟踪一年看,晚期病人开刀后没多久就复发了,生存期很短。
 
“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。
2、观念创新,靠“种子医生”喊话

朱正纲不是唯一的“拦刀医生”,与他一道奔走的,还有北京协和医院、上海中山医院、上海肿瘤医院、北京肿瘤医院等大医院的一些医生。他们说,希望把整个肿瘤治疗行业的观念转变过来。
 
让这群大多是外科医生的西医反思手上这把刀的,是近两年国外提出的“转化治疗”新概念。
 
这是一项前瞻性研究,它颠覆了传统的肿瘤治疗观念,认为肿瘤治疗应该是在手术前先把病灶控制好,把转移灶缩小甚至消除。就是先“转化”肿瘤,把大肿瘤转成小肿瘤,把晚期肿瘤转化到中期、甚至早期,然后再开刀,达到手术切除甚至根治的结果。
 
“术前新辅助腹腔与全身联合化疗”(简称NIPS治疗)就是基于这个概念的新治疗方法。一年多前,瑞金医院开始探索这种治疗方法,结果令医生们吃惊:原本大面积扩散的肿瘤细胞不见了,腹水不见了,拳头大小的肿瘤缩小到豆粒大小……一批晚期患者在几个疗程的NIPS治疗后,再接受肿瘤手术切除,存活至今。
 
而此前,医生给他们的生存期预判仅仅是3-6个月。
 
“要是去了其他地方治疗,现在怕是已经装进‘小盒子’了。”一个在瑞金医院接受NIPS治疗的胃癌晚期患者感激不已。这个患者治疗至今已一年多。 
 
瑞金医院应用NIPS方法已治疗30多例晚期胃癌病例,手术转化成功率达到70%,其中RO切除(相当于肿瘤彻底切除)达到77.8%。转化治疗后,患者生存期都已达到一年以上,生活质量也都不错。 
 
超过七成的晚期患者治疗后得到肿瘤彻底切除,这个成绩让国际同行都侧目,对这群医生而言跟打了兴奋剂没两样。
 
“原来我们一个都做不到。”朱正纲说,这一年半给他们一个很重要的提示,技术上的创新是重要的,但观念的创新更重要,不然,难的东西永远没人去碰,也就永远难以有突破。
 
这群首先被刷新了观念的医生堪比“种子医生”,他们开始传播新观点。
 
“我们担心全国千千万的基础医院还在实践旧理念,一批批患者白白地牺牲。”
 
“我们不像国外有指南,一旦更新全国通行,我们没有这套体系,大医院一定要站出来喊,告诉大家新的方向。”
 
医生说,我国大小医院林立,要让医生的观念迭代,现下唯靠“种子医生”出来喊话。这样的传播效率有限,随机性也很大,但这是现状。

3、技术进步了,相信能救下更多患者
 
不过,“种子医生”要把新观念传播出去,并不容易。
 
“中国胃癌晚期病人开刀都活不过一年,其中有学术因素,也有非学术因素。学术因素是我们现在的治疗技术、水平还有限。非学术因素有收入分配、医疗服务定价等,比如,开刀对医生来说,收入更高些。”朱正纲谈到。
 
医生应该考虑的是怎么延长患者的生命,如何规避“非学术因素”干扰?在瑞金医院,朱正纲和同事们已在探索多学科联诊模式(MDT),肿瘤内科、病理科、放射科、外科医生坐到一起讨论,为每个病例制定治疗方案,而不是“不由分说地拉去开刀”。
 
“过去我们外科一味追逐开刀,手术难度很大,医生也很累,手术后的效果还不好。现在讲求的是转化,怎么把晚期转化到相对早期,降期对患者来说是天大的好事。”
 
朱正纲现在更愿意称自己是“肿瘤医生”,外科医生更关注开刀漂不漂亮,拿不拿得下,肿瘤医生则更关注患者到底能活多久,活得好不好,这有本质区别。

4、在与肿瘤的过招中,外科已显露出它的极限

为什么晚期胃癌患者在术后活不过一年?朱正纲分析,晚期肿瘤扩散广,转移灶往往开不干净,结果在手术打击之下,肿瘤自带的免疫系统受到刺激,导致它们启动更强烈的反扑,在生物学上就能观察到肿瘤细胞加速增值,临床上就会观察到晚期胃癌患者在手术后很容易复发,且来势汹汹。
 
“转化治疗”这种国际上的最新肿瘤治疗正是试图规避外科的局限。
 
尝到这种治疗的甜头,令朱正纲这样的“种子医生”现在迫切地想做三件事:
 
第一,让社会知道晚期病人不要“病急乱投医”,不要轻易放弃。
 
第二,想对医务人员说,观念要更新。
 
第三,继续坚持基础和临床相结合的研究。 


“我真有点急了,‘转化治疗’可以挽救一大批病人,但这个理念远没普及。”
 
朱正纲算了算,瑞金医院也好、协和医院也罢,一年胃肠外科也就看三五千例病人,对比每年全国新增的42万例胃癌患者,真是大海中的一滴水。

5、“种子医生”正绞尽脑汁想着怎么把声音再放大

朱正纲致力于牵头全国的多中心研究,希望纳入更多病例,进一步复制、推广成功经验,并结合基因测序、关键基因筛查、个性化用药等基础与临床结合的角度做深入探究。
 
这个经验国外学术界也很期待,因为国外晚期病例有限,大部分病人在早期就被发现了。
 
“推广新技术,这对全世界的患者来说,都是最实在、最重要的。”朱正纲说,我们不敢说治愈肿瘤,但肿瘤与人类已经“相伴”千年,“过招”百年,我们正在一点点改变肿瘤患者的命运。

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    2016-09-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    拜读,好文

    0

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    2016-05-30 老段

    非手术治疗

    0

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    2016-05-29 shineshinelv

    对于晚期肿瘤如是

    0

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    2016-05-29 自由飞翔(吻)0eca9c83

    这就是所谓的新辅助放化疗吗?

    0

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    2016-05-28 蜗qq牛

    术前降期很重要

    0

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    2016-05-28 WEIXIN885a371e

    早期当然手术,晚期谁说要手术的?这题目哗众取宠的。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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