一例复发性胃出血的罕见原因

2018-06-23 江苏省人民医院消化科 消化客

一名67岁女性因红血球容积达80 μg/l,气促,乏力,平均6 g/dl的低色素小细胞性贫血而入院。曾使用抗血小板药物治疗阵发性房颤(AF)。在过去的五年中,开始缓慢出现大量皮肤毛细血管扩张症状,从下肢延伸至大腿,臀大肌,躯干,背部,胸部和手臂(图A)。

问题

一名67岁女性因红血球容积达80 μg/l,气促,乏力,平均6 g/dl的低色素小细胞性贫血而入院。曾使用抗血小板药物治疗阵发性房颤(AF)。在过去的五年中,开始缓慢出现大量皮肤毛细血管扩张症状,从下肢延伸至大腿,臀大肌,躯干,背部,胸部和手臂(图A)。


图A

毛细血管扩张的汇合导致形成了广泛的紫色血管网(图B)。皮肤活检的组织病理学检查(图C)显示正常表皮和许多表浅真皮内扩张的血管,有浓重的嗜酸性及PAS阳性的壁;针对胶原IV的免疫组化是阳性的。没有炎症渗透存在。C-kit突变为阴性。未见过量的肥大细胞。


图B


图C

首先胃食管内镜检查显示胃底部有相同的血管病变(图D-E-F)。患者需要多次血液输注以及七次内窥镜式氩等离子激光治疗。对患者进行了各种检查:止血探查,身体扫描,骨髓穿刺活检及c-kit突变检查,胃食管内镜、潘结肠内镜和视频胶囊内镜检查。尽管CHADS评分不佳,还是决定暂停抗血小板药。在之后的14个月,不再必须进行红细胞输注。插入一个双室起搏器来稳定房性心律失常,联合胺碘酮治疗。不幸的是,尽管采取了这些方法,患者出现神经事件——失语症,而后不得已恢复了口服抗凝剂的使用,导致贫血复发和新一轮输血。最后,我们通过低分子肝素及8次局部氩气血浆凝固治疗获得了稳定的血红蛋白水平。


图D


图E


图F

基于这些发现,最可能的诊断是什么?

答案

皮肤胶原血管病变

以多次增加的毛细血管扩张为特征的皮肤胶原血管病是一种罕见的皮肤疾病,首先在2000年由Salama和Rosenthal定义。这是一个独特的特发性微血管病变,伴随表皮真皮血管扩张及血管周围的胶原蛋白IV的产生异常。通常病变始于下肢,传播到躯干和上肢。与一般基本毛细血管扩张症(GET)不同,目前还没有关于口腔或肠粘膜延伸的报道。依目前的知识储备,这是我们第一次观察到临床上有意义的皮肤外,即胃受累,导致皮肤反复出血的胶原血管病。我们强调控制出血的困难,涉及许多输血和激光凝固。这就让人联想到另一种疾病,在临床上表现为毛细血管扩张,并可导致严重的出血,即Rendu-Osler综合征。因此,我们希望引起大家注意,一些患者的皮肤胶原血管病变不仅仅是一种外观审美问题。

临床表现为弥漫性和广泛性上行性毛细血管扩张,对称分布,在生命的最初阶段引发了五种诊断

- 毛细血管扩张症状是由皮下肥大细胞增多形成的特有表型,但通常呈局部分布。需要以皮肤活检为标准确诊。此外,类胰蛋白酶,骨髓涂片,骨髓活检,躯体扫描严格正常,且骨髓C-Kit突变为阴性。

- Rendu-Osler病或遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张一般不会存在于缺乏毛细血管唇部,鼻腔,结膜粘膜。无鼻出血,无家族史。

- 一般基本毛细血管扩张症在临床上难以和皮肤胶原血管病区分,但它们的组织病理学发现不同,并且前者没有血管壁增厚和IV型胶原沉积。

- 毛细血管扩张症与使用钙通道阻滞剂相关。

最后,我们没有迹象怀疑其他具有广泛毛细血管扩张的罕见实体如多发性神经病,器官肥大,内分泌病,单克隆丙种球蛋白病及皮肤变化(POEMS),或毛细血管扩张伴红血球增多症,伴发肾周促红细胞生成素单克隆丙种球蛋白液体聚集和肺血管内分流(TEMPI)综合征,因为血清蛋白电泳是正常的。

总而言之,慢性房颤和中风患者使用抗血小板药物或抗凝血药物反复发作贫血,引导我们发现胃的局部性皮肤胶原血管病。出血需要80个血袋和15个激光凝固以获得稳定缓解。考虑过部分胃切除术并使用抗血管生成药物,但目前未保留该想法。

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    2018-06-27 飘飘爱

    很好

    0

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    2018-06-25 syscxl
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    2018-06-23 神功盖世

    0

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