bioRxiv:管轶:中间宿主确实是穿山甲!

2020-02-20 Walter 转化医学网

导读:昨日全国新冠肺炎新增确诊仅为394例,在多日暴涨之后,疫情的发展趋势终于接近平台期,但全国人民依然不能因为一阶段的胜利而掉以轻心。关于这场疫情,还有无数问题值得追问,还有无数细节细思极恐,例如,新冠肺炎究竟是哪里来的?

导读:昨日全国新冠肺炎新增确诊仅为394例,在多日暴涨之后,疫情的发展趋势终于接近平台期,但全国人民依然不能因为一阶段的胜利而掉以轻心。关于这场疫情,还有无数问题值得追问,还有无数细节细思极恐,例如,新冠肺炎究竟是哪里来的?

2月18日,香港大学的管轶教授和广西医科大学的胡艳玲教授合作,在生物预印本BioRxiv网站上发表最新结果,发现走私的马来穿山甲携带与2019-nCoV最像的冠状病毒。穿山甲是目前发现的除蝙蝠和人类以外唯一一种携带新冠类似病毒的哺乳动物,很可能就是“中间宿主”之一。
 


在疫情爆发前,许多媒体放大管轶作为“普通人”的“害怕”言论,指责他不以世俗定义的“科学家”的英雄形象扑身救火,还放出耸人听闻的“狠话”。然而,媒体和舆论注定不是普通人所擅长、所能主导的,经过时间检验的学术结果才体现科学家存在的价值。这次,让我们心平气和地听听他说“真话”:

关于新冠肺炎的爆发,许多证据都指向湖北省武汉市的华南海鲜市场,这个人畜共患的传播源头。然而,目前只有从市场的非生物环境中提取出的2019-nCoV样本。这个市场与2002-2003爆发非典的活禽市场相似,很可能许多野生动物与2019-nCoV的产生具有紧密联系,而这些动物在疫情爆发前仍在市场上流通。

不幸的是,在疫情爆发后,该市场很快被清理和消杀,确定野生动物传染源一时间困难重重。尽管新冠病毒与2013年云南发现的菊头蝠冠状病毒十分相似,,但在其他动物中尚未发现联系更为紧密的病毒。在此,我们在中国南部截获的走私穿山甲中鉴别了一种2019-nCoV相关病毒。

我们调查了穿山甲中的病毒组成。这种动物近年来受到的关注不断增加,原因在于它是最常被非法贩卖的哺乳动物:其肉可食,骨可入药,目前,多种穿山甲已被列入IUCN濒危物种名单。我们收集了2017年8月至2018年1月广西海关截获的18只走私马来穿山甲的肺、肠、血液组织样本。

令人震惊的是,使用RNA高通量测序分析,我们在其中6只穿山甲的43个样本中发现了冠状病毒的存在。借助扩增子测序的数据补充,我们得到了6个完整或基本完整的基因组序列,分别记为:GX/P1E、GX/P2V、GX/P3B、GX/P4L、GX/P5E和GX/P5L,均属于2019-nCoV谱系,特征也与2019-nCoV相似,有9个开放阅读框。

我们使用Vero E6细胞系成功分离出病毒,据此设计了新的qPCR引物,并用于检测2018年5月至7月缴获的另一批穿山甲样本。在12只动物的19个样本中,3个穿山甲肺部组织样本成冠状病毒阳性。


左:正常Vero E6细胞;
右:感染2019-nCoV样冠状病毒的细胞

在新冠疫情爆发后,广州海关也在2019年5月截获的5只走私穿山甲的组织样本中检测到了冠状病毒。根据所得数据,我们组装出长度为21505bp长度的基因序列,与2019-nCoV相似度为72%。这些组织实际可能受到了其他病毒阳性组织的污染。值得注意的是,2019年另一项研究中,在广东的染病穿山甲肺部中也提取出了与2019-nCoV相似的冠状病毒,组装得到了占病毒序列总长度86.3%的基因序列。

本研究中发现的穿山甲冠状病毒序列与2019-nCoV的相似度高达85.5%-92.4%,并在系统进化树中代表2019-nCoV的2个子谱系(GD/P1L和GD/P2S),其中之一与2019-nCoV高度相关(下图,红圈)。先前有研究发现,Sarbecovirus属中的多个病毒已经发生了重组。而蝙蝠冠状病毒ZC45和ZCS21很可能也是重组产物,其中包含SARS-CoV和2019-nCoV的相关片段。


2019-nCoV和穿山甲冠状病毒的进化树分析

更值得注意的是,研究者观察到疑似穿山甲冠状病毒、蝙蝠冠状病毒RaTG13和人类2019-nCoV三种病毒发生重组的迹象。尤其是,2019-nCoV与广东穿山甲冠状病毒在受体结合域RBD序列相似度高(97.4%氨基酸组成相似),剩下的部分与蝙蝠冠状病毒RaTG13高度相似。2019-nCoV与广东穿山甲冠状病毒在RBD中有5个重要氨基酸残基相同,而与蝙蝠冠状病毒RaTG13仅有1个残基相同。

有趣的是,系统发育分析发现,广东穿山甲冠状病毒的RBD与病毒基因组其余部分进化进程一致,反倒与亲缘最近的2019-nCoV不一致。因此,广东穿山甲冠状病毒的RBD与2019-nCoV之间的氨基酸相似性可能是由于选择性介导的趋同进化而非由重组引起的,但仅依据目前的数据,很难说这究竟是重组还是趋同进化。 尽管尚不清楚有任何趋同进化或者重组的促进因素,必须承认的一点是,动物宿主在人类病毒的诞生中扮演了重要角色。


多种冠状病毒的基因序列对比

迄今为止,穿山甲是除蝙蝠外唯一被2019-nCoV相似病毒感染的哺乳动物。在穿山甲中发现两种2019-nCoV子谱系的冠状病毒,着实令人震惊。这提示穿山甲是病毒的长期宿主,尽管它们是分散、小规模群居的濒危动物。然而,目前不能排除穿山甲从蝙蝠或其他宿主分别获得冠状病毒的可能性。

另外值得注意是,这两个谱系的冠状病毒是从走私截获的马来穿山甲中检测到的,按理说起源于东南亚,而在那片土地上,病毒是如何在宿主身上保持多样性的,不得而知;病毒在穿山甲种群中的传播程度,尚需调查;但在广东和广西反复发现携带2019-nCoV的穿山甲,证明穿山甲确实是人类冠状病毒的潜在中间宿主。

冠状病毒,包括和2019-nCoV相似的那些,已经明确证实存在于亚洲的许多野生动物中。尽管穿山甲中冠状病毒的流行病学、致病性、种间感染性和传播能力尚待调查,但本研究数据已足以强调,必须谨慎接触这些动物,并应严格禁止其在活禽市场流通。为了进一步了解其在2019-nCoV出现中扮演的角色以及评估其未来造成人畜共患病的风险,须对中国和东南亚自然环境中的穿山甲予以监测。

全文完。

原始出处:

Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Marcus Ho-Hin Shum, Hua-Chen Zhu, et.al. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. BioRxiv February 18, 2020.

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    2020-03-22 sunylz
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    2020-02-29 1354824f40m

    学习了

    0

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    2020-02-22 1354824f40m

    学习

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    2020-02-22 wincls
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    2020-02-21 1354824f40m

    希望疫情快点结束

    0

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