疫情期间如何为孩子高效补种疫苗?疾控专家为您支招

2020-04-26 孙静波 中国新闻网

当前,各地的疫苗接种工作已经在有序恢复当中,但随着国外疫情形势的迅速变化,中国的疫情防控工作仍然不能松懈。

当前,各地的疫苗接种工作已经在有序恢复当中,但随着国外疫情形势的迅速变化,中国的疫情防控工作仍然不能松懈。受疫情影响,很多儿童的疫苗接种被耽搁了约2个月,家长担心会影响接种效果。疾控专家就如何为儿童合理规划,高效补种疫苗等外界关注的问题进行了解答。

4月25日是“全国儿童预防接种宣传日”,在中国刚刚经历了新冠病毒肺炎疫情之际,今年的主题为——及时接种疫苗,共筑健康屏障,呼吁人们应当更加关注疫苗接种的及时性,防病于未然。随着国内疫情逐渐得到控制,恢复疫苗接种工作刻不容缓。3月15日,国家卫生健康委下发了《关于统筹做好新冠肺炎疫情防控全面有序开展预防接种工作的通知》,3月16日,中国疾病预防控制中心下发《关于印发因新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控疫苗迟种补种技术方案的通知》,全国各地纷纷重启预防接种工作,并有序恢复对推迟接种者的补种。

受疫情影响,很多儿童的疫苗接种被耽搁了约2个月,家长担心会影响接种效果。对此,中国疾控中心免疫规划中心主任医师余文周介绍说,儿童推迟接种疫苗的情况分两种,一种是尚未开始接种,这种情况下,按照常规程序接种即可,对抗体的产生没有影响;另一种是已经开始接种,但没有接种足够剂次,恢复接种后补足剩余剂次,影响也不大。但是,余文周主任医师提醒,“从预防疾病以及建立免疫屏障的角度,儿童最好不要推迟接种疫苗,因为如果接种剂次不足,儿童体内可能没有产生足够的保护性抗体,就有可能增加疾病暴露风险。因此,接种单位应尽快推进接种、补种工作,家长积极配合补种工作,不可耽搁。”

据介绍,中国将疫苗分为免疫规划疫苗和非免疫规划疫苗。根据中国疾病预防控制中心发布的《疫苗迟种补种技术方案》,乙肝疫苗、卡介苗、脊灰疫苗、含麻疹成分疫苗、百白破疫苗、乙脑疫苗、流脑疫苗、甲肝疫苗等免疫规划疫苗需要优先补种。另外,对于一些传染性强、发病风险高、且高发于低龄儿童疾病的疫苗,也应该优先考虑补种。

流行病学中通常用基本传播指数R0来衡量疾病的传播能力。新冠病毒目前预估的R0在3左右,而脊髓灰质炎的R0是5~7,白喉的R0是6~7,麻疹和百日咳的R0更是超过12。余文周主任医师介绍,“通常R0越大,疾病就越可能流行和暴发,也就越需要大比例人群接种疫苗,以防止这些传染性疾病暴发。”

根据国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序说明(2016年版),宝宝一岁前要接种的疫苗高达14-15剂次,安排非常紧凑,但受到疫情影响,很多宝宝的接种进程已经被耽搁将近三个月。目前,国内疫情虽然初步得到控制,但仍然面临外防输入、内防反弹的压力,如何在防范疫情的同时,科学合理地安排补种,提高疫苗接种效率,成为此时家长们最关切的问题。

余文周主任医师介绍,为防止人群聚集,减少疾病暴露的风险,中国疾控中心建议各地指导各个接种单位,采取了一系列措施,包括:采取预约制,严格控制接种门诊人数;利用大数据和信息技术,发动社区工作人员,查找并登记未接种的儿童,通知他们尽快接种疫苗;增加接种单位的接种时间、天数和人员,尽快完成迟种补种;做好接种单位自身的防护,要及时消毒、通风。

“从技术上实现及时补种,我们推荐使用联合疫苗和多种疫苗同时接种两种方式,”余文周主任医师补充道,“相对单苗而言,联合疫苗是可以预防多种疾病的疫苗,例如五联疫苗,能够同时预防百日咳、白喉、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎以及b型流感嗜血杆菌(Hib)五种疾病,可以将常规方案的12次接种减少到4次,降低了出行感染的风险,还能够为更多其它疫苗腾出接种空间。”

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    2020-04-30 墨白药师

    学习了感谢

    0

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    2020-04-28 thm112988

    0

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    2020-04-26 1521e95057m

    学习了,很有帮助

    0

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