EMBO Rep:浙大汪方炜续发文系统阐述调控染色体稳定性的新机制

2018-03-06 BioArt BioArt

细胞的有丝分裂是一个严密的过程,通过复杂而精细的调控来实现配对姐妹染色单体均等地分配至子细胞,任何细微的错误都可能导致染色体不稳定性、非整倍体以及癌症的发生发展。

细胞的有丝分裂是一个严密的过程,通过复杂而精细的调控来实现配对姐妹染色单体均等地分配至子细胞,任何细微的错误都可能导致染色体不稳定性、非整倍体以及癌症的发生发展。

染色体不稳定性是癌细胞的重要特征,并与肿瘤的发生和转移密切相关。有丝分裂期染色体异常分离既是染色体不稳定性的表现形式,也是导致染色体不稳定性的重要原因。染色体的精确分离依赖于其动粒(kinetochore)与纺锤体微管的正确连接,并在纺锤丝的牵引下完成姐妹染色体的分离并向细胞两极移动,从而实现遗传物质从亲代到子代细胞的稳定传递。动粒与微管正确连接的前提则是黏连蛋白复合体cohesin维系着丝粒(centromere)区姐妹染色体的正常粘连。着丝粒区染色体粘连的缺陷是癌细胞中染色体不稳定性的常见原因之一。

浙江大学生命科学研究院汪方炜实验室长期致力于调控有丝分裂的分子机制,重点关注相关蛋白激酶的功能及调节机制、组蛋白修饰对染色体行为的影响、着丝粒的结构与功能、姐妹染色体粘连及黏连蛋白复合体cohesin的功能与调节、有丝分裂的表观遗传调控以及有丝分裂缺陷导致的染色体不稳定性与癌症的关系等。近一年来,汪方炜实验室先后在Current Biology以及EMBO Reports杂志上发表论文阐述了姐妹染色体粘连调控及保护染色体稳定性的新机制。

2月28日,汪方炜实验室在EMBO Reports在线发表题为“HP1 links centromeric heterochromatin to centromere cohesion in mammals”的研究论文,阐述了异染色质蛋白HP1参与保护姐妹染色体粘连和染色体稳定性的分子机制,揭示了着丝粒区异染色质对于姐妹染色体粘连的重要性。

绝大多数真核生物的着丝粒由高度重复的DNA序列组成,并与数十种蛋白质相结合形成复杂的结构。着丝粒区染色体呈高度凝缩的异染色质化,并表现为组蛋白H3第9位赖氨酸(H3K9)甲基化和异染色质蛋白HP1的富集。与cohesin在染色体上的定位类似,动物细胞在进入有丝分裂时,大部分HP1从染色体臂上脱离,而着丝粒区的HP1得以保留。着丝粒区HP1对于姐妹染色体粘连的重要性及作用机制是亟需解决的重要问题。

哺乳动物的HP1包含HP1-α、HP1-β和HP1-γ三种亚型。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,研究人员在体外培养的人体细胞中实现了对HP1三种亚型的单独或两两组合敲除,进而发现HP1-α和HP1-γ对于着丝粒区染色体的粘连发挥着相互冗余的保护作用。通过在HP1-α和HP1-γ双敲除细胞中回补野生型或突变体HP1-α,证实了HP1羧基端的结构域Chromoshadow domain(CSD),而不是氨基端结构域Chromodomain与甲基化H3K9的结合,对于HP1保护染色体粘连是重要的。

进一步的机理研究发现,HP1的CSD与蛋白激酶Haspin(汪方炜实验室的前期研究已鉴定该蛋白为cohesin的保护因子,详见此前的报道:浙大汪方炜组揭示保护染色体稳定性的新机制)氨基端的PxVxL motif相结合,促进Haspin在着丝粒区的定位,从而抑制cohesin负调节蛋白Wapl介导的粘连去除。这些实验结果揭示了着丝粒区异染色质对于姐妹染色体粘连的重要性,并阐明了异染色质蛋白HP1通过Haspin保护cohesin的分子机制。

据悉,这是汪方炜实验室2017-2018年度在国际著名学术杂志上发表的第三篇关于姐妹染色体粘连调控和染色体稳定性保护的研究论文。

注释:HP1通过其CSD结构域与Haspin氨基端的PxVxL基序结合,促使Haspin定位于染色体的着丝粒区;Haspin通过其氨基端的PIM基序与Pds5B结合,并利用其激酶域结合并磷酸化修饰Wapl的PIM基序,阻止Wapl与Pds5B的结合,进而抑制Wapl对cohesin的去除作用,确保姐妹染色体的正常粘连和分离。

在前期的研究中,汪方炜实验室的博士生周琳莉和梁材等鉴定了Haspin为黏连蛋白复合体的调节亚基,展示了Haspin通过PIM(Pds5-interacting motif)与cohesin的另一调节亚基Pds5B的结合对于拮抗Wapl(cohesin的负调节蛋白)、维持cohesin环状结构完整性和姐妹染色体粘连的重要性。

在随后的研究中,梁材和陈亲富等进一步发现,Haspin激酶域结合Wapl并磷酸化修饰其PIM,导致Wapl丧失与Pds5B结合的能力,进而抑制Wapl对着丝粒区cohesin的去除作用,确保了姐妹染色体的正常粘连和分离。

此前,该研究团队还揭示了蛋白激酶Cdk1和Plk1协同作用通过对Haspin氨基端的磷酸化修饰激发Haspin活性的功能及机制。

汪方炜教授回国后作为通讯作者发表的这一系列前后承接的研究论文完整地揭示了一条调控姐妹染色体粘连的新通路,系统地阐明了该通路中多个关键环节的分子机制,有助于深入理解癌细胞染色体不稳定性的发生原因,并推动基于肿瘤细胞姐妹染色体粘连缺陷的抗癌研究。

原始出处:

Yi Q, Chen Q, Liang C,et al.HP1 links centromeric heterochromatin to centromere cohesion in mammals.EMBO Rep. 2018 Feb 28. pii: e45484. doi: 10.15252/embr.201745484. [Epub ahead of print]

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