JCO:ASCO新指南肯定癌症患者保存卵母细胞

2013-06-03 佚名 EGMN

  根据美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)发布的新版新诊断癌症患者保存生育力指南,保存卵母细胞已不再只是一种经验性选择,而是成为了一种标准措施。   不过除了肯定保存卵母细胞的做法之外,新版指南提出的建议与2006年版指南几乎完全一致。新版指南还纳入了新的文献,以便为医患之间关于保存生育力问题的讨论搭建框架。这部指南发表在《临床肿瘤杂志》5月28日在线版上Fertility Preservation

  根据美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)发布的新版新诊断癌症患者保存生育力指南,保存卵母细胞已不再只是一种经验性选择,而是成为了一种标准措施。

  不过除了肯定保存卵母细胞的做法之外,新版指南提出的建议与2006年版指南几乎完全一致。新版指南还纳入了新的文献,以便为医患之间关于保存生育力问题的讨论搭建框架。这部指南发表在《临床肿瘤杂志》5月28日在线版上Fertility Preservation for Patients With Cancer American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update.pdf

  指南更新专家组共同主席、宾夕法尼亚大学的Alison Loren博士指出,应尽早讨论保存生育力的问题,并将其作为患者教育和治疗前知情同意的一部分。“现有证据提示,关于生育力和保存生育力问题的讨论对于癌症患者非常重要。讨论不育问题并介绍可能保存生育力的措施,有助于改善患者的生活质量和减轻其痛苦。不过,医生有时难以了解保存生育力对于患者到底有多重要,因为很多患者不会自己提出这一问题,他们有可能满脑子都是癌症诊断,有可能不知道将面临生育力丧失的风险,还有可能担心追求保存生育力会延误抗癌治疗。”

  指南更新专家组提出:“有证据显示,患者有可能基于生育问题的考虑而做出抗癌治疗的决定,至少在女性中是这样。在近期一项研究中,29%的乳腺癌女性患者报告称,对不育的担忧影响了她们的治疗决定。”

  该专家组对近年来18项随机对照试验、6项系统综述和Meta分析、既往指南,以及大量叙述性综述、病例系列、病例研究和述评进行了分析,并分别针对男性、女性和青春期前/后儿童提出了保存生育力的建议。

  假如治疗可能引起不育,就应当在开始治疗前与所有处于生育年龄的癌症患者(或者儿童、青少年患者的父母或监护人)进行相关讨论,明确保存生育力的措施是否可能影响抗癌治疗的成功率。对于希望保存生育力的患者(包括犹豫不决者),应将其转诊到生殖专家那里,并且在病历中记录讨论内容。如果患者因不育风险而感到悲伤,应建议其向社会心理分析师求助。对于选择接受保存生育力干预的患者,应鼓励其参加注册和临床研究。

  男性患者

  选择精子低温保存的男性患者,通常可以立即实施这一干预措施而不会延误抗癌治疗。

  精子低温保存是唯一一种效果已被证实的生育力保存方法。精子通常容易获取,而且间隔24 h即可再次采集。睾丸激素抑制和低温保存睾丸组织或精原干细胞以备今后移植之用——包括睾丸异体移植——仍处于研究阶段,尚未被证实可用于人类。应告知男性患者,启动化疗后采集的精子具有较高的遗传损伤风险。

  女性患者

  “女性保存生育力的方式选择取决于年龄、诊断、治疗类型、有无男性伴侣参与、患者在使用精子库精子方面的意愿、时间,以及癌症已转移至卵巢的可能性等因素。时机是很个重要的问题:低温保存卵母细胞和胚胎已被证明有效,但相应的卵巢刺激通常需要花费至少2~4周时间。以前人们曾担心激素刺激可能对激素敏感性癌症带来不利影响,但这一担忧如今已有所减少。”

  来曲唑联合标准生育药物可诱导排卵而不导致雌激素水平骤升,而且与使用传统药物相比,获得的卵子和胚胎似乎并无差异。

  在实施盆腔放疗的情况下,卵巢移位(卵巢固定术)也是一种选择。

  专家组指出,采用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂抑制卵巢似乎对保存生育力没有任何明显益处,在治疗后月经恢复和生育力的激素/影像学标志物方面均无显著作用。

  低温保存卵巢组织以备今后移植之用的做法仍处于研究阶段。迄今已报道了至少19例治疗后接受冻存卵巢组织移植并活产的案例。“尽管尚无人体癌症复发的报告,但理论上的确存在再次植入卵巢组织又引出癌细胞的可能性。”

  儿童与青少年患者

  已进入青春期的未成年患者可选择冻存卵子或精子,当然前提条件是患儿自己及其家长均知情同意。

  对于青春期前儿童,目前尚无标准的保存生育力方案,所有方法都仍处于研究阶段。目前已有对年龄≥13岁女孩采取低温保存卵母细胞措施的若干报道,然而尚无再次植入并活产的成功案例。男孩中的情况也是如此,已有学者尝试低温保存睾丸组织,但尚未再次植入的报告。

  专家组警告:“假如试图对儿童采取实验性保存生育力方法,则只允许采用机构审查委员会批准的方案。”

  至于新型生物制剂和靶向治疗对生育力的影响,现有数据非常有限,只有贝伐珠单抗和酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的相关数据较为丰富。

  2011年,美国食品药品管理局(FDA)宣布,接受贝伐珠单抗治疗的女性结直肠癌患者34%发生卵巢衰竭,20%女性患者的卵巢功能可以恢复。应告知女性患者这种潜在并发症。

  使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的年轻患者,可能也将面临生育问题,包括妊娠并发症或先天畸形风险增加。关于这些发现的数据尚不充分,但患者应当了解潜在风险。


Purpose 
To update guidance for health care providers about fertility preservation for adults and children with cancer.
Methods 
A systematic review of the literature published from March 2006 through January 2013 was completed using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library. An Update Panel reviewed the evidence and updated the recommendation language.
Results 
There were 222 new publications that met inclusion criteria. A majority were observational studies, cohort studies, and case series or reports, with few randomized clinical trials. After review of the new evidence, the Update Panel concluded that no major, substantive revisions to the 2006 American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations were warranted, but clarifications were added.
Recommendations 
As part of education and informed consent before cancer therapy, health care providers (including medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, gynecologic oncologists, urologists, hematologists, pediatric oncologists, and surgeons) should address the possibility of infertility with patients treated during their reproductive years (or with parents or guardians of children) and be prepared to discuss fertility preservation options and/or to refer all potential patients to appropriate reproductive specialists. Although patients may be focused initially on their cancer diagnosis, the Update Panel encourages providers to advise patients regarding potential threats to fertility as early as possible in the treatment process so as to allow for the widest array of options for fertility preservation. The discussion should be documented. Sperm and embryo cryopreservation as well as oocyte cryopreservation are considered standard practice and are widely available. Other fertility preservation methods should be considered investigational and should be performed by providers with the necessary expertise.
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    2014-04-03 lidong40
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    2014-03-06 quxin068
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