Mol Cell:机体细胞癌变前会暂停细胞周期

2014-09-04 叶予 生物通

当细胞察觉有个癌基因在蠢蠢欲动时,它会怎么做呢?科学家们发现,细胞能够发出内部信号停止细胞周期,从而进入保护性不生长状态(至少在一定时间内)。 二十世纪八十年代,科学家们就知道人类基因RAS发生突变能够将细胞送上癌变之路。现在,冷泉港实验室(CSHL)的研究者们解析了,细胞应答RAS基因激活进入静止状态(衰老)的机制。这项研究于八月二十八日发表在Molecular Cell杂志

当细胞察觉有个癌基因在蠢蠢欲动时,它会怎么做呢?科学家们发现,细胞能够发出内部信号停止细胞周期,从而进入保护性不生长状态(至少在一定时间内)。

二十世纪八十年代,科学家们就知道人类基因RAS发生突变能够将细胞送上癌变之路。现在,冷泉港实验室(CSHL)的研究者们解析了,细胞应答RAS基因激活进入静止状态(衰老)的机制。这项研究于八月二十八日发表在Molecular Cell杂志上。

CSHL的Nicholas Tonks教授和Benoit Boivin领导研究团队深入跟踪了上述过程。他们发现,激活癌基因H-RAS,会刺激细胞生成过氧化氢H2O2(活性氧ROS)。“绝大多数人提到ROS就会想起它们浓度高时的破坏力,”Tonks说,“其实,细胞中可控的ROS生产是有益处的,我们的研究就是一个很好的例子。”

研究显示,H-RAS激活后的ROS生产,允许细胞调整信号通路,进入衰老状态。ROS对蛋白PTP1B的影响就是这一过程中的关键。大约25年前Tonks发现了PTP1B,这是一种酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶。人体内共有105种酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,这些酶负责一项基本的工作,为其他蛋白去除酪氨酸上的磷酸基团。磷酸基团的增减,是蛋白之间传递信号的一个主要方式。

在H-RAS激活的情况下,ROS少量生成,使PTP1B失活。PTP1B无法去除磷酸基团,导致关键蛋白AGO2保持磷酸化状态。AGO2是RNAi中的重要蛋白,磷酸化的AGO2无法行使正常功能,结果p21不再受到抑制,开始异常累积。

“p21累积能够有效停止细胞周期,让细胞进入衰老状态,”Tonks实验室的博士生Ming Yang说,她和Astrid Haase博士是这项研究的第一作者。

这项研究验证了研究者们五年前的猜测。他们知道RAS致癌突变能够诱导ROS生成,于是推测这可能影响到酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,进而引发复杂的信号级联。

ROS与阿尔茨海默症、糖尿病和心力衰竭等多种疾病有关。“我们展示了ROS与基因沉默的明显关联,其他病理学过程也可能存在这样的机制,”Boivin说。PTP1B保持RNAi活性的这种作用,是一个重要的研究方向。

进入衰老还不足以完全阻止癌症发生。不过这项工作表明,在癌症患者体内存在一个特殊的时间窗口(尽管很窄),机体内的天然过程暂停了细胞的癌变。

原始出处:

Yang M1, Haase AD2, Huang FK3, Coulis G4, Rivera KD5, Dickinson BC6, Chang CJ6, Pappin DJ5, Neubert TA3, Hannon GJ2, Boivin B7, Tonks NK8.Dephosphorylation of Tyrosine 393 in Argonaute 2 by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Regulates Gene Silencing in Oncogenic RAS-Induced Senescence.Mol Cell. 2014 Aug 27. pii: S1097-2765(14)00611-X. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.07.018. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2015-08-19 维他命
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    2014-09-06 axin014

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