WHO:世界抗生素耐药性实况报道、认知误解及战略目标

2015-11-17 MedSci整理 WHO官网

重要事实 如今,抗生素耐药性是对全球卫生的最大威胁。它会影响每个人,无论其年龄和国籍。 抗生素耐药性是自然发生的,但在人类和动物间误用抗生素会加速发生耐药的过程。 越来越多的感染(比如肺炎、结核和淋病)变得更难治疗,原因在于用于治疗感染的抗生素不如原来有效。 抗生素耐药性会导致更长的住院时间,更高的医疗费用和更多死亡。 概况 抗生素是

全球抗生素使用报告 图片来源:Nature

重要事实

如今,抗生素耐药性是对全球卫生的最大威胁。它会影响每个人,无论其年龄和国籍。

抗生素耐药性是自然发生的,但在人类和动物间误用抗生素会加速发生耐药的过程。

越来越多的感染(比如肺炎、结核和淋病)变得更难治疗,原因在于用于治疗感染的抗生素不如原来有效。

抗生素耐药性会导致更长的住院时间,更高的医疗费用和更多死亡。

概况

抗生素是用于预防和治疗细菌感染的药物。抗生素耐药性会在细菌对使用该类药物发生反应并改变时出现。

是细菌对抗生素发生耐药,而不是人类。这些细菌可能会感染人类,且与不耐药的细菌相比会变得更难以治疗。

抗生素耐药性会导致更高的医疗费用,更长的住院时间和更多死亡。仅在欧盟地区,耐药细菌估计就造成了25000例死亡,每年因此发生的卫生保健支出和生产力损失超过了15亿美元。

世界急需改变开处方和使用抗生素的方法。即使开发了新药,如果不改变行为,抗生素耐药性仍会是主要威胁。行为改变还包括通过疫苗接种、洗手和保持良好食品卫生等降低感染传播的行动。

问题的范围

抗生素耐药性在世界各地造成的影响已升至危险高­度。每天都有新的耐药机制出现和传播,威胁到我们治疗普通传染病的能力。由于抗生素有效性下降,越来越多的感染(比如肺炎、结核、败血症和淋病等)变得更难治疗,有时甚至无法治疗。

在可以不用处方就能买到抗生素的国家,耐药性的出现和传播会更严重。同样,在没有标准治疗指南的国家,卫生工作人员经常过量开具抗生素,公众也会过度使用它。

再不采取紧急行动,我们将进入后抗生素时代,到时候普通感染和轻微损伤都会再次造成死亡。

预防和控制

由于抗生素的误用和过度使用,抗生素耐药性出现的速度加快,感染预防和控制也越来越难。全社会各个层面都可以采取行动降低抗生素耐药性的影响并限制其传播。

普通公众应:


政策制定者应:


农业部门应:


卫生保健行业应:


最新发展情况

尽管已经在开发一些新抗生素,但这些抗生素都无法对抗最危险形态的抗生素耐药细菌。
鉴于目前人们旅行的便利性和频繁性,抗生素耐药性已成为全球性问题,要求各国共同付出努力。

影响

当一线抗生素不能治疗感染时,必须使用价格更昂贵的药物。更长的发病和治疗过程(一般发生在医院)会增加卫生保健费用以及家庭和社会的经济负担。

抗生素耐药性让现代医学成就面临风险。没有了能有效预防和治疗感染的抗生素,器官移植、化疗和剖腹产等外科手术会变得非常危险。

世卫组织的应对

抗生素耐药性是世卫组织要高度优先解决的问题。一份包括抗生素耐药性在内的抗微生物药物耐药性行动计划已于2015年5月由世界卫生大会通过。该项全球行动计划旨在保证能继续使用安全和有效的药物预防和治疗传染病。

全球行动计划有5项战略目标:

提高对抗微生物药物耐药性的认识与理解;
加强监测和研究;
降低感染发生率;
优化抗微生物药物的使用;
确保在应对抗微生物药物耐药性方面进行可持续投资。

为响应目标1,世卫组织正在领导主题为“慎重对待抗生素”的全球性活动。该活动将于2015年11月16日至22日举行的首次“世界提高抗生素认识周”期间启动。

世卫组织支持会员国根据国情制定与全球行动计划相一致的国家行动计划来应对抗微生物药物耐药性。

WHO调查揭示公众对抗生素耐药性问题普遍存在误解

在12个国家接受调查的约1万人中,几乎三分之二(64%)表示知道抗生素耐药性问题可能影响其自身及家人,但对影响方式和解决办法并不十分清楚。例如,64%答复者认为抗生素可用于治疗感冒和流感,尽管事实上抗生素对病毒毫无作用。接受调查的人中近三分之一(32%)认为一旦感觉好些便可停止服用抗生素,不用完成规定的疗程。

调查揭示的一些常见误解包括:

四分之三(76%)答复者认为抗生素耐药性系在人体对抗生素产生耐药力时出现。事实上,是细菌,而不是人或动物对抗生素产生耐药力,这种细菌的蔓延会导致难以治疗的感染。

三分之二(66%)答复者认为如果每个人按照处方规定服用其抗生素便不会有发生耐药感染的风险。受调查者中近半数(44%)认为抗生素耐药性问题只涉及那些经常服用抗生素的人。事实上,任何国家任何年龄的任何人都会遭受耐抗生素感染。

半数以上(57%)答复者觉得他们在阻止抗生素耐药性方面几乎无能为力,同时近三分之二的人(64%)相信医学专家将能在问题变得过于严重之前加以解决。

调查的另一项重要结果是,几乎四分之三(73%)答复者表示农民应当减少对食用动物使用抗生素。

为解决这个日益严重的问题,2015年5月世界卫生大会批准了一项对付抗微生物耐药性的全球行动计划。该计划的五项目标之一是通过有效的沟通、教育和培训提高对抗生素耐药性的认识和理解。

部分国家介绍主要调查结果

中国(1002项在线采访)

卒中57%答复者报告在过去六个月中服用过抗生素;74%表示药物是由医生或护士处方或提供的;5%表示是从因特网上购买的。

卒中半数以上(53%)答复者错误地认为一旦感觉好些后便应停止服用抗生素,而不用完成规定的整个疗程。

卒中61%答复者误以为可用抗生素治疗感冒和流感。

卒中三分之二(67%)答复者熟悉“抗生素耐药性”这一术语,并且四分之三(75%)表示这是“世界面临的最大问题之一”。

卒中83%答复者表示农民应当减少对动物使用抗生素——在接受调查的国家中比例最高。

印度(1023项在线采访)

卒中四分之三以上(76%)答复者报告过去六个月中服用过抗生素;90%表示药物是由医生或护士处方或提供的。

卒中四分之三(75%)答复者误以为可用抗生素治疗感冒和流感;只有58%知道必须完成规定的疗程后才能停止服用抗生素。

卒中虽然75%答复者赞同抗生素耐药性是世界的最大问题之一,但72%相信专家们将能在问题变得过于严重之前加以解决。

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    2016-09-10 医路开来

    不要滥用抗生素

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    2016-09-10 医路开来

    抗生素是用于预防和治疗细菌感染的药物

    0

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    2015-11-19 snf701212
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    2015-11-17 vpssa

    记得要经常洗手

    0

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