利用Word分析论文写作的可读性

2014-05-07 佚名 博客园

在英文论文的写作当中,其实学术论文也要求通俗易懂,易于传播,其中句子尽量简短,可以事半功倍。问题随之而来,即如何判断一篇文章是否足够易读?微软的Word软件提供了这个功能,实现该功能,三步走: Word for Mac 2011中该步骤为 1.点击Preference, 选择Spelling and Grammar, 在Grammar复选框中勾选 ◦Check grammar as you typ

对于学术论文英文论文的写作当中,也要求通俗易懂,易于传播,其中句子尽量简短,可以事半功倍。问题随之而来,即如何判断一篇文章是否足够易读?微软的Word软件提供了这个功能,实现该功能,三步走:

Word for Mac 2011中该步骤为

1.点击Preference, 选择Spelling and Grammar, 在Grammar复选框中勾选
◦Check grammar as you type
◦Show grammatical errors in Notebook Layout View
◦Check grammar with spelling
◦Show readability statistics
四项, 并在Writing style中选择Formal选项;

2.选取需要判断的文字。
点击工具菜单中的拼写与语法,点击忽略全部,然后在跳出的是否继续检查的对话框中选择否;

3.可读性统计结果就显示出来了。
Windows系统中步骤类似。

可读性信息解读

按上述步骤,我们对以下段落的可读性进行统计:

First, we think there is a place for form-focused instruction within communicative language teaching. Otherwise, students may get frozen in an “interlanguage” (Selinker, 1992) of immature syntax that resists change (Hammerly, 1991). We also think that NLP accomplishes this sort of instruction better than other kinds of technology. Confirming this impression are initial studies comparing the effects on syntactic development of language tutors with and without NLP (Nagata, 1992). Second, ICALL is beginning to address communicative language teaching in ways that appear to work and that can offer students more flexibility in producing language than does multimedia CAI. Another benefit of ICALL is the automation of response diagnosis and scoring, saving teachers from having to list possible answers, errors, and evaluation messages by hand. This is demonstrated in the use of NLP representations by Levin and Evans and by Dorr et al. to match students answers against target answers. Finally, ICALL offers a unique advantage for studying language acquisition by virtue of its analyzing and tracking the constructions students spontaneously use and the errors they commit in the course of learning a language.

Word2003提供的统计信息分为三个部分:Counts(统计信息)、Averages(平均值信息)和Readability(可读性信息)。 



 1、Counts(统计信息):本项提供了单词数、字符数和句子数和统计信息。这段文本共有183个词,共计1032个字符,8个句子。

2、Averages(平均值信息):本项提供了Setences per Paragraph(语段平均长度)为8.0、Word per Sentence(语句平均长度)22.8以及Characters per Word(单词平均长度)5.4三项统计信息。

3、Readability(可读性信息):可读性分数是根据每个单词平均字节数和每个句子的平均单词数进行评定的,它包括三种可读性分数:被动句所占百分比数、Flesch Reading Ease分数以及Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level分数。

(1)被动句。在Word的拼写和语法检查中,被动句被默认为错误提示句,这并不等于说在Word中,被动句是错误的,而是要说明对于初级读者而言,被动句更不容易理解,也就是说,被动句的可读性会低些。因此,对一篇文章的可读性分析,被动句的统计是必不可少的。在些段文本中,被动句所占的百分比为12,说明该文章属科技类文体,其可读性可一定难度。

(2)Flesch Reading Ease(弗莱士易读度)。Flesch Reading Ease是根据美国Rudolf Flesch博士的统计方法计算的,计算根据是句子的字数和句子中含的音节数等,数值在0和100之间,数目越大,文章越容易读。

计算Flesch Reading Ease的分数可以用这样的公式:

206.835 – (1.015 * ASL) – (84.6 * ASW)

在这个公式中:ASL = 语句平均长度(单词数除以语句数);

ASW = 单词的平均音节数(音节数除以单词数)

利用这一公式计算的结果分值在90-100分期间的文本易于平均年龄为11岁的学生理解;分值在60-70分期间的文本易于平均年龄为13—15岁的学生理解;分值在0-30分期间的文本为大学生读物。实际上,大多数标准文档的分值在 60 到 70之间。根据这一公式计算,这段文本的易读度为25.3,也就是说,这类阅读材料可读性难度很大,性于大学生级读物。

(3)Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level(弗莱士--金凯德年级水平):Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level按美国中小学年级水平评定文本的得分。分数越高表示作者的英语写作水平越高,当然对读者的英语阅读水平要求也就越高。

计算Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level分数可以用这样的公式:

(.39 x ASL) + (11.8 x ASW) – 15.59

公式中:ASL = 语句平均长度(单词数除以语句数)

ASW = 单词的平均音节数(音节数除以单词数)

弗莱士—金凯德年级水平共分12级,一般的英文文档的分数大约可达 6.0级至8.0级。文档的分数为 8.0 时表示一个八年级水平的人能够理解该文档的内容。本段文本的评分为15.3,难度级高,中小学生是无法理解的。

因此,这一可读性信息只反映文章本身难度的一个方面,与难度相关的还有文章内容的熟悉程度以及题目的深表层理解等。

易读性研究的意义

易读性测试被广泛应用于教育领域。“阅读难度级别公式”可解释美国0-100级的水平,它可以使教师,家长,图书馆员,和其他人更为容易判断各种书籍和文章的可读性。它也意味着,当该文本用这个公式计算的结果大于12时所需的教育年限是多少。对1930 年以来美国国民阅读能力调查显示,成年人的平均阅读能力相当于八年级的水平。许多学生的阅读能力“低于所在年级的水平”。例如,许多高中学生的阅读能力相应当八年级水平,而大学毕业生的阅读能力相当于十年级水平。通过练习,没有怎么受过正规教育的读者往往也能成为高水平的阅读者。(DuBay 2006, National Assessment of Adult Literacy)

在美国,大多数报刊杂志对易读性都有一定的限制,如美国的《读者文摘》的易读指数为65;《时代》杂志为的易读度为52。同样,利用易读性测试也可以测量学生的写作水平。如在美国,要求七年级学生(11岁)的写作作业的平均易读度测试应为60-70分。

几乎所有的当今文坛巨星们的作品都属于七年级水平,包括约翰·格里森姆、斯蒂芬·金、J·K·罗琳和丹·布朗。专家现在还建议法律和医学文书的写作符合七年级水平。法律还常常要求医疗和保险文书的写作符合五年级水平[6]。学习为一群跟自己水平不同的读者写作是很有难度的。这需要一定的方法和培训以及大量的实践。正如 Jacques Barzun 所言:“‘简单英语’并非任何人的母语。”

作家、编辑和出版人也经常做一些直觉性的可读性评价,基于经验、对其目标读者群的洞见以及从大量的可读性调查结果的评价中推导出的相当数量的原则性知识。

多方面的研究显示,各种流行的可读性公式也没有百分之百的精准,而只是为阅读文本所需的技能给出一个“不错的粗略估计”。可读性公式已经帮助了全世界数以百万计、讲不同语言的读者。如果说这些公式还有什么问题,那也只能说是应用得还不够充分[2][3][4]。 图书出版人评价文本的阅读水平时不仅会用到可读性公式,还会使用“词频列表”。一个词语的使用频率也是其易用性的优良指标。文本水平,一种对基于训练和经验的文本的主观性评估,则是另一种辅助运用公式的重要工具。

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    2015-07-09 cmn

    mark

    0

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    2014-12-31 baihao215

    这个总结的很贴心哦

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31818, encodeId=32af3181895, content=mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13581, encodeId=f08b13581b7, content=这个总结的很贴心哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Wed Dec 31 23:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019994, encodeId=30dd2019994ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=365518e5883' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Word#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18758, encryptionId=365518e5883, topicName=Word)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa5a2500103, createdName=ms920641618706883, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 08:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9358, encodeId=2595935895, content=相当涨姿势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fa9590666, createdName=pullo, createdTime=Sun May 11 09:45:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1279552, encodeId=5e9e12e9552ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab1430e146e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#写作#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30714, encryptionId=ab1430e146e, topicName=写作)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1777154, createdName=chenhongpeng, createdTime=Fri May 09 04:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9330, encodeId=b00c933000, content=涨姿势额!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b4977922, createdName=faustine, createdTime=Thu May 08 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9325, encodeId=c7e99325d9, content=很有用 <br> <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=119.162.126.246, createdTime=Thu May 08 00:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9324, encodeId=1c82932495, content=又长姿势啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=182.18.103.188, createdTime=Wed May 07 23:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-05-11 pullo

    相当涨姿势

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31818, encodeId=32af3181895, content=mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13581, encodeId=f08b13581b7, content=这个总结的很贴心哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Wed Dec 31 23:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019994, encodeId=30dd2019994ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=365518e5883' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Word#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18758, encryptionId=365518e5883, topicName=Word)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa5a2500103, createdName=ms920641618706883, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 08:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9358, encodeId=2595935895, content=相当涨姿势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fa9590666, createdName=pullo, createdTime=Sun May 11 09:45:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1279552, encodeId=5e9e12e9552ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab1430e146e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#写作#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30714, encryptionId=ab1430e146e, topicName=写作)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1777154, createdName=chenhongpeng, createdTime=Fri May 09 04:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9330, encodeId=b00c933000, content=涨姿势额!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b4977922, createdName=faustine, createdTime=Thu May 08 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9325, encodeId=c7e99325d9, content=很有用 <br> <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=119.162.126.246, createdTime=Thu May 08 00:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9324, encodeId=1c82932495, content=又长姿势啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=182.18.103.188, createdTime=Wed May 07 23:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-05-08 faustine

    涨姿势额!

    0

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    2014-05-08 119.162.126.246

    很有用

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31818, encodeId=32af3181895, content=mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13581, encodeId=f08b13581b7, content=这个总结的很贴心哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Wed Dec 31 23:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019994, encodeId=30dd2019994ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=365518e5883' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Word#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18758, encryptionId=365518e5883, topicName=Word)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa5a2500103, createdName=ms920641618706883, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 08:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9358, encodeId=2595935895, content=相当涨姿势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fa9590666, createdName=pullo, createdTime=Sun May 11 09:45:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1279552, encodeId=5e9e12e9552ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab1430e146e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#写作#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30714, encryptionId=ab1430e146e, topicName=写作)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1777154, createdName=chenhongpeng, createdTime=Fri May 09 04:15:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9330, encodeId=b00c933000, content=涨姿势额!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b4977922, createdName=faustine, createdTime=Thu May 08 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9325, encodeId=c7e99325d9, content=很有用 <br> <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=119.162.126.246, createdTime=Thu May 08 00:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9324, encodeId=1c82932495, content=又长姿势啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=182.18.103.188, createdTime=Wed May 07 23:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-05-07 182.18.103.188

    又长姿势啦

    0

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