Open Heart:低饱和脂肪酸饮食或许不能保护我们的心脏

2014-03-11 佚名 dxy

近期,BMJ杂志的推广网站Open Heart发表了一篇社论,文中就心脏代谢组学及相关心脏保护性饮食指南的问题进行了分析整合。作者认为,单纯的强调以糖或不饱和脂肪酸饮食来代替饱和脂肪酸饮食或许会加重病情,更重要的是,低饱和脂肪酸饮食的心脏保护作用并非大家想象的那么有效。 在心脏膳食指南方面,有个问题一直存在争论:饱和脂肪酸饮食是不是真的损害了心脏健康?而近期Malho

近期,BMJ杂志的推广网站Open Heart发表了一篇社论,文中就心脏代谢组学及相关心脏保护性饮食指南的问题进行了分析整合。作者认为,单纯的强调以糖或不饱和脂肪酸饮食来代替饱和脂肪酸饮食或许会加重病情,更重要的是,低饱和脂肪酸饮食的心脏保护作用并非大家想象的那么有效。

在心脏膳食指南方面,有个问题一直存在争论:饱和脂肪酸饮食是不是真的损害了心脏健康?而近期Malhotra的研究更是将这个长达数十年之久的争论增添了新的可能性。

低脂“心脏保护”膳食方案假说的历史渊源

作者在文中指出,这种饱和脂肪酸“歧视”最早来源于Keys等人二十年前所做的一个研究,其研究结果称,脂肪来源的热量与退行性心脏病死亡呈线性相关。但是,该研究的研究对象来源为22个国家,而研究者仅选择6个国家的数据,排除了其余与其结论不相符的16个国家的数据。

另一方面,如果我们将这16个国家的数据放入统计,那么上述的相关性会大大降低。所以,这个研究本身就是存在问题的。但是,该研究还是误导了人们的“饮食方案”长达几十年。

以糖代脂,得不偿失

1977年出版的美国人主要饮食目标就提到,要增加膳食中糖的摄入,减少饱和脂肪酸及胆固醇摄取。这种做法来源于一个观点,即饱和脂肪酸可以增加总胆固醇量,那么也会增加心脏病风险。而且,人们也认为降脂同时意味着肥胖及糖尿病等代谢类疾病的降低。

事实上,加大糖摄取反而让事情更糟。首先,这种饮食同样会增加肥胖及糖尿病风险。作者引用了一些研究指出,并不是脂类,而恰恰是糖引起了糖尿病发病率的升高。

作者进一步引用了一个比较低糖与低脂饮食优劣度的随机对照研究,其结果是低糖饮食在多个方面的表现都优于低脂,而且,在低糖饮食中,患者的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)会增高,ApoB/ApoA-1比例降低,小型致密低密度脂蛋白(sdLDL)降低。而上述三者情况在低脂饮食中都相对恶化。

综上,作者认为,如果要通过控制心脏代谢组学得到收益,那么控糖要比控脂更有必要。

作者同时指出,将低脂饮食等同于降“坏”胆固醇(如LDL),这种观点是不准确的。有研究指出若以糖代脂,则sdLDL会升高,而sdLDL比LDL具有更强的致动脉粥样硬化作用。而研究数据显示,高不饱和脂肪酸饮食可以减少sdLDL并增加良性LDL数量。因此,如果我们以糖代脂就会使脂质分布趋于恶化。

不饱和与饱和的比较

作者在文中要纠正的第二个误区就是,人们认为应使用不饱和脂肪酸替代饱和脂肪酸,但是却对不饱和脂肪酸种类不加区别(如Ω-3vsΩ-6)。造成这种误区的原因就是人们在不饱和脂肪酸饮食方面缺乏研究。

作者引用了一个meta分析的结果指出,如果以Ω-6代替饱和脂肪酸会造成死亡率升高。而很多研究的结果也支持这个理论。

作者同时引用了许多大型研究证明,不饱和脂肪酸替代饱和脂肪酸饮食的做法会造成更多的患者死于冠心病。也有研究指出多聚不饱和(P)/饱和(S) 比值高的饮食会引起更多的心血管疾病事件。

作者认为出现这种现象的原因可能与Ω-6的促癌作用、免疫移植、降HDL-C及增加LDL氧化敏感性等多方面因素相关。

“低脂有益”尚需证据

作者认为现在所倡导的“低脂饮食方案”尚缺乏有力的研究证据。作者引用了一个临床对照实验的结果,指出低脂饮食并不能改变心血管疾病患者复发心梗的可能性,也不能相应的减少死亡率。

在一项由妇女健康倡议(WHI)开展的研究中,研究中发现低脂饮食并不能减少冠心病、中风及其他心血管疾病的发病率。相关的其他研究也指出低脂饮食对于心脏保护的作用可能并不是很理想。

作者最后特别指出了两个研究,称“这两个研究最有力的批驳了旧观点”。他们分别是PREDIMED(Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea)研究及里昂的饮食心脏研究。两个研究比较地中海饮食与低脂饮食在某些方面的效果。


总的来说,低脂饮食方案受到了越来越多的挑战。作者呼吁指南今早关注这个问题,并做出相应调整。同时,作者再次强调,人们在糖与脂,饱和与不饱和等方面应当慎之又慎。

原始出处:

James J DiNicolantonio.The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or Ω-6 polyunsaturated fats: Do the dietary guidelines have it wrong?Open Heart 2014;1: doi:10.1136/openhrt-2013-000032

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    2014-08-12 feather89
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    2014-03-16 luananhui

    究竟怎样的饮食最健康?

    0

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    2014-03-13 zhaojie88
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