房颤抗凝——坚守传统还是勇往直前

2017-03-23 MedSci MedSci原创

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房颤动简称房颤,是我国最常见的心律失常。据统计,我国30岁以上人群,房颤患病率为0.77%,并随年龄而增加,65岁以上老年人患病率4%,而80岁以上老年人患病率达7.5%,据此推测我国约有1000万房颤患者。

我们知道,正常的心率在60-100/分之间,律齐,而房颤发生时,心率可达350~600/分,节奏紊乱,心房失去了有效的收缩功能。于是血液在心房内流动受阻,容易形成血栓,从而引发栓塞,严重者有生命危险。据统计,房颤患者脑卒中的发生风险比正常人高5倍;脑卒中发病里约15~20%是由房颤引起的,而脑卒中是我国第一死亡原因的疾病。即便血栓未脱落到脑部,如脱落到肢体动脉,也会引起缺血性坏死,严重时需要截肢,导致残疾。故为了降低房颤栓塞发生率,需对患者进行抗凝治疗,服用抗凝药物,这是房颤治疗非常重要的部分。

传统抗凝药华法林的应用

目前,房颤抗凝主要应用的药物仍是华法林。60多年来,华法林一直广泛应用于临床。主要通过减少凝血因子IIVIIIXX的合成等环节发挥抗凝作用。只有所有依赖于维生素K的凝血因子被抑制后才能发挥充分的抗凝作用。因此,华法林需要连续服用4~5天才能达到最佳疗效,停药5~7天后其抗凝作用才完全消失。

虽然华法林的抗凝效果受到肯定,但该药也存在一些局限性。首先,不同个体之间应用华法林后凝血机制受影响的程度存在很大差异且无法预测,因此它的有效剂量变异幅度比较大。另外,该药的抗凝作用易受食物、药物的影响,对餐饮多样化的国人来说,需要频繁检测凝血功能、调整药物剂量,严重影响患者长期治疗的依从性。

新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)的应用

2016年,欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)更新了房颤管理指南,指南中对于适宜应用新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)的患者,优先推荐使用NOAC

NOAC主要分为口服Ⅹa因子和Ⅱa直接抑制剂,前者包括阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、依度沙班等,后者有达比加群。这两类药物都是针对单个有活性的凝血因子,抗凝作用不依赖于抗凝血酶,口服起效快。与传统抗凝药华法林相比,很少受食物、药物的影响,作用效果也更快,服用期间无需频繁检测凝血指标,对患者来说极为方便。

但是任何事物都具有两面性。NOAC在实际应用中,具有以下几项劣势。一是缺乏特异对抗剂,而且出血风险也不容忽视;二是缺乏有效的实验室评估抗凝效果方法,虽然治疗窗口宽,但目前没有特异性观察其治疗水平的实验室指标,缺乏效果监控;三是半衰期短,如果漏服可能会出现严重的并发症;此外,与华法林相比高出许多的价格也成为制约NOAC使用最大的限制条件。

说了这么多,对于房颤抗凝,是坚守传统还是勇往直前,始终是一个值得探讨的问题。因此,梅斯医学特别邀请阜外医院三位顶尖专家:心律失常中心二病区主任姚焰教授、血栓性疾病诊治中心主任荆志成教授以及急重症中心副主任杨艳敏教授汇聚一堂,共同探讨这个难题。想听听专家们怎么看待这个问题么?点击下图观看吧!

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    2017-04-03 45度沉默

    房颤,抗凝,溶栓,主线!

    0

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    2017-03-24 ylzr123

    不错的方式,努力学习,刻苦专研,不断总结出来新经验。

    0

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    2017-03-24 tofsw

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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    2017-03-23 Chongyang Zhang

    签到学习了很多

    0

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    2017-03-23 月下渔女

    学习了~

    0

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    2017-03-23 有备才能无患

    目前有新型抗凝药取代华法林,且出血事件少

    0

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    2017-03-23 ideal肿瘤医

    学习了

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