恶性黑色素瘤靶向治疗的研究进展

2017-03-14 赵莉娟、邓辰亮、杨松林,上海交通大学附属第六人民医院 整形外科 中国美容整形外科杂志

恶性黑色素瘤(malignantmelanoma)是起源于胚胎期神经嵴的恶性肿瘤,其恶性度极高,预后较差。可发生于皮肤、眼球、消化道、生殖系统等部位,但其中以皮肤恶性黑色素瘤最常见。由于恶性黑色素瘤恶性度高,易于早期转移,即使早期进行根治手术,患者5年生存率也低于70%。免疫靶向治疗与传统化学疗法相比优势明显,因而日益成为治疗恶性肿瘤的新方向。嵌合抗原受体修饰T细胞(chimericantigen

恶性黑色素瘤(malignantmelanoma)是起源于胚胎期神经嵴的恶性肿瘤,其恶性度极高,预后较差。可发生于皮肤、眼球、消化道、生殖系统等部位,但其中以皮肤恶性黑色素瘤最常见。由于恶性黑色素瘤恶性度高,易于早期转移,即使早期进行根治手术,患者5年生存率也低于70%。免疫靶向治疗与传统化学疗法相比优势明显,因而日益成为治疗恶性肿瘤的新方向。嵌合抗原受体修饰T细胞(chimericantigenreceptorsTcell,CAR-T)是免疫靶向治疗药的代表之一,也是当前过继性细胞治疗技术中的一项新成果,因其能表达人工合成受体并能特异性识别靶细胞,正成为振奋人心的肿瘤治疗技术。据报道,CD19特异性CAR-T已在B细胞白血病及淋巴瘤的临床试验中取得了明显疗效,其治疗其他肿瘤的效果正进行临床预试验。国外实验报道,经人工改造的外泌体及恶性黑色素瘤表面发现的人内源性逆转录病毒K(humanendogenousretrovirus,HERV-K)包膜蛋白可为恶性黑色素瘤的免疫治疗提供新的临床思路。

1. CAR-T在恶性黑色素瘤中的应用

1.1CAR-T嵌合抗原受体(chimericantigenreceptors,CAR)是一种重组抗原受体,具有结合抗原并激活T细胞的功能。至目前为止,CAR已有3代设计模型。1991年有3个实验室首次报道了CAR的设计,第1代CAR不含共刺激分子,只能引起T细胞的短暂增殖和低水平的细胞因子分泌,虽不能提供T细胞持续的抗肿瘤作用,但可使T细胞不依赖于主要组织相容性复合体(majorhistocompatibilitycomplex,MHC)-I类分子识别靶细胞。随后Smith-Garvin等[8]构造了含有CD28或4-1BB共刺激分子的2代CAR,在临床前模型中发现4-1BB对CAR的功效更有益。最近Long等[10]发现CD28信号是产生有效的临床T细胞制品的关键,而4-1BB可提高CAR的细胞持久性,于是结合2个共刺激分子设计出了第3代CAR。CAR-T是将抗体的抗原结合部与CD3-δ链在体外偶联成一个嵌合蛋白,通过基因转导的方法转染患者的T细胞,T细胞经“重编码”后,可生成大量的肿瘤特异性CAR-T。CAR-T的大体治疗过程分为4步:⑴抽取患者外周血,并分离提取出免疫T细胞;⑵通过基因工程给T细胞加入一个能识别肿瘤细胞并能同时激活T细胞的嵌合抗体,生成CAR-T;⑶体外培养,大量扩增CAR-T细胞;⑷将扩增好的CAR-T回输到患者体内。整个“提取———修饰———扩增”过程大约需要2周。与传统的T细胞识别抗原相比,经CAR识别抗原不受MHC的限制,同时第2、3代CAR可通过共刺激分子信号加强T细胞的抗肿瘤效果。

1.2CAR-T靶向治疗恶性黑色素瘤  为了早期诊断恶性黑色素瘤,学者们在寻求免疫标志物方面做出了许多努力。有学者采用免疫组化检测S-100、HMB-45、Tyrosinasa等多种标志物在恶性黑色素瘤及良性痣中的表达,发现这些标志物在敏感性及特异性上都存在不足之处,更难以成为免疫治疗的靶向。人内源性逆转录病毒K(humanendogenousretroviruses-K,HERV-K)包膜蛋白是多种肿瘤细胞表面的相关性抗原,包括乳腺癌卵巢癌、恶性黑色素瘤等,其在正常细胞表面均不表达。HERV-K与恶性黑色素瘤的早期转移潜能呈正相关性,Krishnamurthy等利用HERV-K的肿瘤特异性,于T细胞表面设计相关CAR,发现CAR-T可特异性识别HERV-K并与其结合,发挥抗肿瘤作用。恶性黑色素瘤早期即可通过血液转移,传统的手术切除、化学疗法、放射疗法的效果不佳,预临床试验数据显示,嵌合HERV-K受体的T细胞(CAR-T)可准确作用于表达HERV-K的肿瘤细胞表面,并杀伤肿瘤细胞。由于HERV-K在正常细胞表面无表达,其特异性表达于HIV、白血病及多种肿瘤细胞表面,因此,嵌合HERV-K受体的T细胞可用于多种肿瘤的治疗。

此外,黑色素瘤细胞分化的抗原糖蛋白(glycoprotein,gp)100有较强的免疫原性,并在恶性黑色素瘤中过度表达,可作为恶性黑色素瘤靶向治疗的靶点之一。Johnson等将对gp100有特异性反应的T细胞分离后,将T细胞抗原受体转染给恶性黑色素瘤患者的淋巴细胞,结果发现19%患者的肿瘤体积发生减小。有学者将GPA7作为胞外区,结合T细胞的胞内区设计出CAR-T细胞,经转染后的T细胞能特异性识别恶性黑色素瘤表面的gp100。随后将等量的CAR-T细胞与普通T细胞分别注射到恶性黑色素瘤小鼠模型中,结果发现注射CAR-T细胞小鼠的肿瘤体积比注射普通T细胞小鼠的肿瘤体积明显缩小。黏附分子L1-CAM在多种实体瘤,如恶性黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、膀胱癌中均有过度表达,有学者依据这类细胞表面标志物特性设计相应的CAR-T,在试验中取得了明显的抗肿瘤效果。理论上靶向抗原应该是特异性表达于恶性黑色素瘤细胞表面,在正常细胞和组织表面不表达,但实际上这种特异性靶向抗原非常少。例如Gp100、S-100、HMB-45、Tyrosinasa等在良性痣及白癜风组织中均有表达,如果基于类似抗原设计CAR-T,很可能对正常组织产生攻击作用,即脱靶效应。HERV-K虽在多种实体瘤表面均有表达,但在正常细胞组织无表达,是目前治疗恶性黑色素瘤最为理想的靶点。

2. 外泌体在恶性黑色素瘤中的应用

外泌体作为一种可以包裹药物的载体,近年来也被用于肿瘤的靶向治疗。外泌体是经细胞分泌产生的一种自然产物,它具有低免疫原性、无毒副作用;且来源广,具有磷脂双分子层结构,易于与靶细胞的细胞膜融合;分子结构小,分子量为纳米级(10~100nm),可避免单核细胞的吐噬作用,且易于穿透肿瘤组织毛细血管向深层组织浸润。现有试验发现,由内皮细胞及干细胞分泌的外泌体作为抗肿瘤药物的载体,其优势明显、不良反应小。经未成熟树突状细胞(imDCs)分泌的外泌体因缺乏CD40、CD86、MHC-I、MHC-II等表面标志物,免疫原性低,且imDCs-外泌体表面表达糖蛋白(Lamp2b),这种表面蛋白融合了iRGD靶向蛋白,可特异性识别肿瘤细胞表面的αⅤ整合素。目前,临床上许多抗肿瘤药物因剂量依赖性而应用受限,如阿霉素对多种肿瘤均有抑制作用,但因其对心血管具有剂量依赖性而限制其应用。剂量依赖性产生的原因主要是药物缺乏特异性作用于肿瘤细胞的载体,而广泛作用于正常细胞引起。利用外泌体的靶向结合作用,可以将阿霉素等药物直接作用于肿瘤细胞,从而减少对正常细胞造成的损伤。通过基因转染技术过表达iRGD就可以得到大量携带iRGD的外泌体。基于这一原理,Tian等设计小鼠模型,将阿霉素整合到imDCs-外泌体中,发现融合iRGD靶向蛋白的外泌体能特异性作用于表达琢Ⅴ整合素的乳腺肿瘤细胞,使外泌体通过胞吐释放阿霉素,在体内充分发挥抗肿瘤作用,并且通过切片观察发现,并未损伤小鼠正常组织。还有实验发现,融合iRGD靶向蛋白的外泌体对琢Ⅴ整合素具有高度的特异性识别与亲和力,在小鼠的乳腺癌模型中发挥显着的靶向治疗作用。iRGD靶向蛋白不仅可以直接结合肿瘤细胞表面的琢Ⅴ整合素,还可以促使抗肿瘤药物向肿瘤组织血管内渗透[28]。琢Ⅴ整合素在多种肿瘤细胞表面均有表达,其中恶性黑色素瘤细胞表面也特异性表达这类整合素,虽然目前无实验验证外泌体作为药物载体治疗恶性黑色素瘤的有效性,但是,小鼠的乳腺癌模型为外泌体治疗恶性黑色素瘤提供了临床思路。

3. 展望

恶性黑色素瘤是一种恶性程度较高的皮肤肿瘤,发生转移后很难通过传统治疗得到有效的治疗效果,继手术、化学治疗、放射治疗手段后,免疫治疗日益成为研究热点。目前恶性黑色素瘤靶向治疗的瓶颈在于尚未发现理想的靶向标志物,HERV-K这类细胞表面标志物存在于多种实体瘤表面,特异性相对较差,现国内外学者正积极寻找恶性黑色素瘤的特异性抗原,相信这一新突破将为恶性黑色素瘤患者带来福祉。

来源:中国美容整形外科杂志,2017 ,28(1):57-58

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    2017-12-04 sunylz
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    2017-03-19 虈亣靌

    知识的海洋,我们要乘风破浪。

    0

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    2017-03-17 虈亣靌

    好提议,学习了

    0

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    2017-03-17 laoli

    学习了!

    0

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长期光损伤皮肤(特别是头部和颈部的黑色素瘤)的临床边缘定义尚不明确且其具有不可预测的隐匿延伸。分期切除技术已经描述了如何治疗这些具有挑战性的黑素瘤。近期,一项发表在JAMA Dermat杂志上的研究使用分期切除与综合苏木精 - 曙红染色永久性部分边缘控制调查局部复发率和清除终点的边缘。研究者们选取1997年10月8日至2006年12月31日进行观察性队列研究,中位随访时间为9.3年,研究了医疗中心

Oncogene:PDE4D促进BRAF突变黑色素瘤中FAK介导的细胞侵袭

环AMP(cAMP)信号通路在调节分化的黑色素细胞的生物学中至关重要。磷酸二酯酶(PDE)酶下调cAMP,并且可以降解cAMP。在黑素瘤中,已经有研究证据表明PDE 4型(PDE4)对cAMP途径的抑制有利于肿瘤进展。例如,在携带RAS突变的黑素瘤中,PDE4的过表达对于由致癌RAS诱导的MAPK通路活化和增殖是至关重要的。近期,一项发表在Oncogene杂志上的研究显示了PDE4D在BRAF突变

Sci Trans Med: 科学家鉴定出免疫检查点阻断治疗反应和抵抗的标志物

免疫检查点阻断代表了晚期黑色素瘤治疗的重大进步。然而,仅有少部分人经过细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)或者程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)单药阻断后,具有持久的临床反应。尽管CTLA-4和PD-1抑制剂联合给药,反应率更高,然而毒性也显着增高。免疫检查点阻断已经在很多病人中产生了临床益处,然而仍然需要更好的能反映治疗反应的生物标志物,治疗抵抗的机制也不完全清楚。因此,为了改善患者的处理和预

J Hepatol:新型化疗—免疫疗法组合或有望遏制癌症发展

肝细胞癌是一种最常见的肝癌,目前疗法非常有限,而且很多患者往往是在疾病晚期阶段才被发现,这时候已经回天乏术了;近日一篇刊登在国际杂志Journal of Hepatology上的研究报告中,来自密苏里大学医学院的研究人员通过研究开发了一种新方法,该方法能够将化疗和免疫疗法有效结合来减缓小鼠