我国采用猪胰岛移植治疗1型糖尿病,取得重大进展 !

2016-04-17 MedSci MedSci原创

我国是一个糖尿病大国,胰岛移植作为一种潜在的可治愈糖尿病的治疗方法,一直是糖尿病研究领域的热点。研究证明胰岛移植不仅能纠正代谢异常,重建葡萄糖内稳定,并能防止糖尿病性微血管病变的发生和发展。但是人胰岛供体有限和排异反应两个问题亟待解决。 五星级猪 4月15日,中南大学召开新闻发布会,由中南大学湘雅三医院王维教授和莫朝辉教授领军的团队,用调教细胞“哨兵”技术,成功将“五星级猪”的胰岛

我国是一个糖尿病大国,胰岛移植作为一种潜在的可治愈糖尿病的治疗方法,一直是糖尿病研究领域的热点。研究证明胰岛移植不仅能纠正代谢异常,重建葡萄糖内稳定,并能防止糖尿病性微血管病变的发生和发展。但是人胰岛供体有限和排异反应两个问题亟待解决。

五星级猪

4月15日,中南大学召开新闻发布会,由中南大学湘雅三医院王维教授和莫朝辉教授领军的团队,用调教细胞“哨兵”技术,成功将“五星级猪”的胰岛移植到3位1型糖尿病患者身上。3例临床异种胰岛移植实验结果,远远超过了同期国际异种胰岛移植研究领域的结果,水平居世界之冠。

“五星级猪”是指符合联合国世界卫生组织标准的无指定病原体的供体猪。2012年,中南大学湘雅三医院在亚洲首家医用级动物供体培育中心,成功培育出为细胞、组织、器官移植提供医用级动物供体的“五星级猪”。经过3年的努力,第一批符合世卫组织标准的“五星级猪”达到临床标准。

T细胞

为了更好地达到移植效果,在培养“五星级猪”的同时,王维教授的团队联合澳大利亚悉尼大学创造了国际上最先进的诱导免疫耐受新技术,可以成功地减少体内细胞对移植细胞的排斥。其技术核心是“调教”人体的T细胞。

T细胞是“哨兵”细胞,发现外来细胞便发出警报,动员体内的排斥系统对外来细胞进行攻击。王维教授团队及澳大利亚悉尼大学易受南教授经过近10年合作研究,摸索出一套让人体调节T细胞认识移植到患者的猪胰岛是“友”不是“敌”,不排斥移植物,该技术不损害病人的免疫系统对其他病原微生物发生攻击,大大减少了免疫抑制剂的使用,并且降低了由于免疫抑制剂使用带来的副作用,改善了移植后效果。

2013年7月至2016年2月,中南大学湘雅三医院细胞移植与基因治疗研究中心,采用诱导免疫耐受新技术,先后为3位1型糖尿病病人进行了移植“五星级猪”胰岛进行糖尿病治疗。1位移植病人胰岛素减量80.5%,糖化血红蛋白已经完全恢复正常;其余2位移植病人情况胰岛素减量分别达到57%和56%,糖化血红蛋白也有下降。

2015年在墨尔本召开的由世界移植协会牵头举办的胰腺-异种-细胞联合移植大会上,国际上另一个批准进行猪胰岛移植治疗糖尿病的国家——日本最新报道临床实验结果显示,日本的研究方案移植病人胰岛素减量仅约20%,病人术后一年糖化血红蛋白与术前相比基本维持不变,仍然高于正常值。

专家组认为:新生猪胰岛移植治疗1型糖尿病临床小样本研究项目进展顺利,临床研究过程严谨,中期结果可靠,异种胰岛移植临床研究结果已非常接近人同种异体胰岛移植临床疗效,并证实了猪异种胰岛移植的生物安全性,项目研究结果达到国际领先水平。同意继续扩大样本进行下阶段研究,并将合并有胰岛功能衰竭的2型糖尿病纳入异种新生猪胰岛移植临床研究范围。

附:猪器官移植进展

关于将猪的器官和组织移入人体的研究,近年来随着转基因技术的发展,产生了长足的进步。

为什么猪的器官比较适合移植给人类?




首先,不要想打人类的近亲灵长类动物的主意,除了伦理问题,非人灵长类动物也存在其他缺陷。它们每胎产仔少,生长周期长,数量少,不能满足大规模的科研和移植需求;而且,非人灵长类动物体内潜藏着的病毒更容易感染到人,目前还无法彻底清除。埃博拉、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)等,都属于这一类病毒。

1.猪的器官大小与人体相似,解剖结构也与人类相同;2.从遗传学角度来看,人类和猪的亲缘关系非常接近(基因谱相似);3.猪的培育成本相对较低,容易商品化,培育周期短。

猪的器官移植需要克服哪些问题?


1.猪内源性逆转录病毒PERV

常用和熟知的猪器官移植给人类的是心脏瓣膜,但是想要将整个猪器官移植到人体---异种器官移植,并不是这么简单的事。除了受者免疫系统倾向于排斥异体组织所面临的常规挑战外,利用猪器官填补人器官供应和需求之间的巨大缺口还必需解决猪内源性逆转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus, PERV)带来的问题。

来自中国浙江大学动物科学学院、美国哈佛大学和麻省总医院的研究人员使用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术成功地在猪胚胎中灭活了62种PERVs,相关研究结果近期发表在Science期刊上。2016年3月17日New England Journal of Medicine期刊将这一进展描述为“基因工程的壮举”,有可能为异种器官移植扫清道路。[1]美国斯克里普斯研究所研究员Daniel R. Salomon博士写道,这种剪切猪基因组的策略似乎解决了利用猪作为移植器官来源的两个关键挑战:通过关闭PERV产生,研究人员大体上降低受者感染上这种逆转录病毒的风险,同时降低这些“异种抗原(xenoantigen)”的存在触发受者免疫系统对异体器官发起大规模免疫攻击的概率。[2]

2.免疫排斥反应

同上,来自哈佛大学医学院的George Church研究组同时也在另外一组小猪胚胎中改造了20中基因,包括编码引发人体免疫排斥,或引发血液凝固的相关受体基因。由于文章尚未发表,因此Church没有透露具体基因的名称。最终,他们希望通过两类修饰的结合达到成功培育器官供体小猪的目的。

4月5日,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)报告说,有5颗移植心脏创造了破纪录的存活数据,其中1颗心脏在狒狒体内健康存活了近3年时间。

猪心脏在免疫系统受到抑制的狒狒体内存活了多年。图片来源:Kevin Curtis

猪血管细胞表面有一种碳水化合物名为α 1,3-半乳糖基转移酶(gal),人体会产生抗体抓住这种物质并引发血栓。

研究人员利用抗CD40抗体,连同血液稀释药物肝素,在5只移植了转基因猪心脏的狒狒体内防止血栓的形成。这些猪缺乏gal基因,同时还表达了两种人体蛋白基因—— 一种有助于调节凝血,另一种则能够抑制可促进引发血栓的抗体反应的信号分子。

在这项研究中,这些猪心并没有替代狒狒的心脏,而是连接到了狒狒的血液循环系统上。结果显示,这些狒狒的平均存活时间为298天,其中一只活了945天。[3]

仅在美国,每天就有22人因人体器官供给短缺而死亡。在中国,每年等待器官移植的患者与移植手术的比例约为30:1。

我们离最终的目标还很遥远。包括“五星级猪”的培育技术,猪胚胎干细胞研究,克隆猪技术,生物样本加工技术,克服免疫排斥反应等等,好在全世界的科学家都在研究的路上,一刻不停的往前走。


原始出处:

1.Luhan Yang, Marc Güell, Dong Niu,et al.Genome-wide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs).Science.27 Nov 2015.

2.Daniel R. Salomon.A CRISPR Way to Block PERVs — Engineering Organs for Transplantation.N Engl J Med.17 March 2016.

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    2017-08-06 1511f64253m

    应该快了

    0

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    2017-02-12 baoya
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    2016-05-17 stead

    我也是醉了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230667, encodeId=bd8623066e75, content=应该快了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=879b2099784, createdName=1511f64253m, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:36:55 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1814498, encodeId=152c181449853, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f72795e80d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重大进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95780, encryptionId=f72795e80d0, topicName=重大进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b96f328, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 10:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1661174, encodeId=ed6c16611e40a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5548386534' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83865, encryptionId=e5548386534, topicName=胰岛移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e75025222144, createdName=晓辰, createdTime=Tue Mar 28 05:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749602, encodeId=35b41e4960216, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Sun Feb 12 11:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86121, encodeId=a7408612188, content=我也是醉了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86117, encodeId=537d8611e24, content=胰岛素能够便宜吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86119, encodeId=eb5f86119b5, content=我也是醉了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86118, encodeId=8f8986118a8, content=总是各种突破,但是医疗只能呵呵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555228, encodeId=e5301555228d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 11:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79507, encodeId=9f59e950728, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 01:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-17 stead

    胰岛素能够便宜吗?

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230667, encodeId=bd8623066e75, content=应该快了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=879b2099784, createdName=1511f64253m, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:36:55 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1814498, encodeId=152c181449853, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f72795e80d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重大进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95780, encryptionId=f72795e80d0, topicName=重大进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b96f328, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 10:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1661174, encodeId=ed6c16611e40a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5548386534' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83865, encryptionId=e5548386534, topicName=胰岛移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e75025222144, createdName=晓辰, createdTime=Tue Mar 28 05:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749602, encodeId=35b41e4960216, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Sun Feb 12 11:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86121, encodeId=a7408612188, content=我也是醉了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86117, encodeId=537d8611e24, content=胰岛素能够便宜吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86119, encodeId=eb5f86119b5, content=我也是醉了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86118, encodeId=8f8986118a8, content=总是各种突破,但是医疗只能呵呵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Tue May 17 11:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555228, encodeId=e5301555228d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 11:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79507, encodeId=9f59e950728, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 01:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-17 stead

    我也是醉了

    0

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    2016-05-17 stead

    总是各种突破,但是医疗只能呵呵

    0

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    2016-04-19 muzishouyi
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    2016-04-19 李继凯

    值得学习

    0

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