肌萎缩性侧索硬化患者全麻下全髋关节置换一例

2019-02-13 蔡有松 严佳佳 尹宁 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,53岁,163 cm,48kg。因“摔倒致右髋部疼痛,运动困难1h”入院。入院后髋关节平片提示:右股骨颈骨折。既往肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)病史3年。入院时HR90次/分,律齐,RR16次/分,BP133/91mmHg;意识清楚,说话声音含糊不清,语速慢;右侧鼻唇沟变浅,舌肌萎缩明显,舌肌震颤(+),伸舌稍向右偏;呼吸规则,深呼

患者,女,53岁,163 cm,48kg。因“摔倒致右髋部疼痛,运动困难1h”入院。入院后髋关节平片提示:右股骨颈骨折。既往肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)病史3年。入院时HR90次/分,律齐,RR16次/分,BP133/91mmHg;意识清楚,说话声音含糊不清,语速慢;右侧鼻唇沟变浅,舌肌萎缩明显,舌肌震颤(+),伸舌稍向右偏;呼吸规则,深呼吸、咳嗽未见明显异常;双侧膝反射普遍对称性增高,肌张力不高;右下肢外伤活动障碍,余肢体肌力初测正常,双侧病理征(+),脑膜刺激征未引出。患者自述骨折前生活可自理,进食、饮水无呛咳,平时可独立上下楼,但需扶楼梯扶手,可胜任一般家务劳动,如拖地等。
 
入院后ECG、血常规、肝肾功能、电解质、凝血功能等均未见明显异常。张口度5 cm,甲颏距5 cm。Mallampati分级Ⅱ级。拟在全麻下行“右全髋关节置换术”。患者入室开放静脉通道,检测ECG、BP、SpO2;左桡动脉穿刺置管监测连续动脉压,行动脉血气分析;连接BIS监测。静脉诱导:充分吸氧去氮后,咪达唑仑2mg,盐酸戊乙奎醚0.5mg,丙泊酚70mg,地塞米松10mg,芬太尼0.1mg;5min后置入3号LMA喉罩,并放置管,以防反流误吸,气道压13 cmH2O,VT基本达到预设值(MV400ml,RR12次/分)。诱导平顺,患者血流动力学稳定。
 
术中维持:1%七氟醚,丙泊酚100mg/h,瑞芬太尼0.5mg/h,右美托咪定40μg/h,切皮前芬太尼0.05mg。依据BIS值调整维持用药,维持BIS值在40~60。手术过程持续近2h,术中出血600ml,尿量600ml,输液约1350ml,其中晶体1100ml,胶体250ml。术中生命体征平稳,术毕5min左右,患者自主呼吸恢复,术毕15min时VT400ml左右,口腔吸引后拔除喉罩。患者能够自主对答,反复述求需要镇痛泵,VAS评分6分左右,给予羟考酮2mg,氟比洛芬酯50mg,5min左右患者慢慢平静,入睡,自主呼吸存在,SpO299%。脱氧15min,SpO2维持在96%左右。术后地佐辛5mg+氟比洛芬酯50mg镇痛,VAS评分3~4分。术后第3天患者可下床扶物行走。
 
讨论
 
ALS是一种主要侵犯上、下两级运动神经元的慢性进行性变性疾病。病变范围广泛,包括:脊髓前角神经细胞、脑干运动神经元、大脑皮质锥体细胞以及皮质脊髓束、皮质延髓束。正因为病变范围广泛,患者多存在进展性肌无力、肌肉萎缩、痉挛以及下肢反射亢进。因此,ALS患者表现多样,多以肢体无力、言语含糊不清及呼吸困难等首发,多数患者因营养不良、肺部感染及呼吸衰竭等并发症而死亡。该病发病率约为2/10万,平均发病年龄为50岁,60%以上在发病3年内死亡,约10%生存期可达8年以上。
 
该病例总结经验如下:
 
(1)关于麻醉选择:因疾病特点,导致了ALS患者麻醉方式的选择存在争议。首先,肌肉萎缩、肌肉力量的渐进性丧失,使得此类患者在进行插管全麻后存在呼吸系统并发症增加以及带管时间延长的风险。早期呼吸功能没有受影响可以选择全麻,但用肌松药麻醉可能延长和强化神经肌肉阻滞作用,因此需要格外慎重。尽管已有报道使用罗库溴铵对ALS患者行全麻诱导在恢复期使用Sugammadex拮抗肌松作用取得了令人满意的效果,但国内外比较接受的观点依然是无肌松麻醉。其次,神经元的广泛变性和脱髓鞘,使得脊髓更加容易受到局麻药物的潜在毒性作用,而椎管内麻醉或神经阻滞带来的穿刺损伤以及局麻药物的神经毒性则有可能加重ALS患者的神经元损伤,促使患者的病情恶化。但对于ALS中后期的患者,其肌肉力量严重丧失,呼吸功能严重受限,椎管内麻醉可以安全进行,因为避免了气道和呼吸系统并发症的处理。本例ALS患者存在肌肉萎缩,但肌肉力量能满足独立行走以及咳嗽,同时舌咽部肌群功能尚健全,提示该患者全麻术后呼吸系统并发症的发生和带管时间延长的风险较小;为尽量减少对脊髓神经元的影响,尽可能保持患者独立行走的能力,选择喉罩无肌松全麻。
 
(2)术后镇痛:神经元的病变使得ALS患者对镇静镇痛药物的敏感性增加,宜使用作用时间短,对呼吸影响小的药物。观察到本例患者术后疼痛分级较高,使用羟考酮及氟比洛芬酯,证明是有效且安全的。术中使用BIS监测麻醉深度,在满足手术需求的前提下,可尽量少地使用麻醉药物,对减少术后不良事件的发生有积极作用。
 
(3)风险防范:ALS患者麻醉风险防范,主要是以对呼吸功能影响最小为前提来选用麻醉方法,减少麻醉药物对运动神经元的损伤,已有呼吸衰竭患者进行规范化的呼吸管理;其他关注舌咽部肌群萎缩带来的保护性反射功能缺失的风险,要求对ALS患者禁食更加严格;质子泵抑制剂的使用和术中间断口咽部吸引也是减少反流误吸的合适手段。
 
综上所述,本文介绍了一例成功的喉罩无肌松全麻下ALS患者全髋关节置换术,术后未出现严重不良事件,显示ALS患者在关注到上述问题后,全麻是可行的。但考虑到患者的个体化和病情的进展程度不同,ALS患者麻醉方法和药物的选择需要更进一步的研究。
 
原始出处:

蔡有松,严佳佳,尹宁.肌萎缩性侧索硬化患者全麻下全髋关节置换一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(02):206-207.

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    2020-01-27 chendoc252
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    2019-05-23 yxch48
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1695875, encodeId=4b9216958e532, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03b98809697' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88096, encryptionId=03b98809697, topicName=萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53fc29868494, createdName=chendoc252, createdTime=Mon Jan 27 13:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742577, encodeId=da331e42577e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Thu May 23 21:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2022011, encodeId=c52620220116c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d3929e567d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全髋关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29756, encryptionId=3d3929e567d, topicName=全髋关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Wed May 22 02:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942288, encodeId=45ab1942288d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b418809e8c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#萎缩性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88097, encryptionId=6b418809e8c, topicName=萎缩性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a8e213, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Mon Jul 29 08:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476570, encodeId=a0bc14e657025, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff229e7126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全麻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29771, encryptionId=6ff229e7126, topicName=全麻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Feb 15 03:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1503109, encodeId=ded81503109be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a71481058ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81058, encryptionId=a71481058ca, topicName=肌萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eebd9606217, createdName=neizongke, createdTime=Fri Feb 15 03:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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