JAMA Oncol:怀孕会增加乳腺癌患者的死亡风险吗?

2017-03-18 peng wei 肿瘤资讯

2016年美国约有247000名女性诊断为乳腺癌,其中包括26392名小于45岁的女性。近年来,首次分娩产妇年龄增长了5岁,超过35岁的产妇比例也增加。由于生育年龄的推迟,怀孕期间患乳腺癌的妇女(或接受治疗后计划怀孕的乳腺癌患者)比例增加。妊娠期(或分娩后1年)诊断为乳腺癌的患者均有一些临床病理特点,如肿瘤分级高,ER(雌激素受体),PR(孕激素受体)低表达。然而,怀孕是否会影响生存仍是一个争论的

介绍

2016年美国约有247000名女性诊断乳腺癌,其中包括26392名小于45岁的女性。近年来,首次分娩产妇年龄增长了5岁,超过35岁的产妇比例也增加。由于生育年龄的推迟,怀孕期间患乳腺癌的妇女(或接受治疗后计划怀孕的乳腺癌患者)比例增加。妊娠期(或分娩后1年)诊断为乳腺癌的患者均有一些临床病理特点,如肿瘤分级高,ER(雌激素受体),PR(孕激素受体)低表达。然而,怀孕是否会影响生存仍是一个争论的问题。对这类患者的治疗也存在争议,在前3个月,化疗是不行的;在怀孕期间放疗和内分泌治疗都是不建议的。

乳腺癌治疗后1年再怀孕是不会影响生存的。但是,需等待多久才能备孕尚无统一的定论。一般是建议起码2年,主要原因是担心妊娠激素,特别是雌激素,可能会刺激微转移,从而恶化生存。本研究的目的是比较怀孕期或产后乳腺癌与未怀孕乳腺癌患者的总生存的差别。

方法

研究设计和数据来源:我们在Ontario进行了一项以人群为基础的回顾性队列研究,连接一个癌症数据库,一个出生人口数据库,一个死亡人口数据库。

研究对象:从2003年1月1日到2014年12月31日,总共收集了96676名乳腺癌患者,后因某些原因排除了837名;其他的排除条件有:年龄<20或≥45岁;有子宫或卵巢切除;癌症病史(皮肤癌除外);病理分级为0或不清的乳腺癌。最后入选的有7553名患者,收集了患者的诊断年龄,诊断日期,AJCC分期,ER,PR,ERBB2,是否接受过放/化疗。

风险和结果:每个患者的怀孕前后5年及诊断为乳腺癌的时间我们都有收集,不论是否成功妊娠(活产或流产)。将患者分为4个暴露组:未怀孕组(患癌前后5年内未怀孕);患癌前怀孕(患癌的前1-5年怀孕);怀孕相关乳腺癌(患癌前11月,后21月怀孕);患癌后妊娠(怀孕发生在确诊后22-60月间)。在研究结束后,我们将患者归类为:生存,死于乳腺癌,死于其他原因,或死于不明原因。主要结果是5年总生存率。

统计分析:患者的基线特征采用描述统计学。χ2 检验,t检验,Wilcoxon秩和检验,Kaplan-Meier法,对数秩检验等用来统计分析。

结果

总共有7553名患者进入该研究。诊断为乳腺癌的中位年龄为39.1岁。中位随访时间为5.2年。在患癌前后5年,77.2%未怀孕,15.9%怀过一个,5.3%怀过2个,1.6%怀过3个。



乳腺癌临床特征:4个暴露组的比例分别为未怀孕组 77.2%;患癌前怀孕组14.7%;怀孕相关乳腺癌组 6.6%;患癌后怀孕组1.5%。与未怀孕组相比,怀孕相关乳腺癌组常为II-IV级乳腺癌,淋巴结阳性,ER阴性和三阴乳腺癌。前三组5年生存率为87.5%,85.3%,82.1%。与未怀孕组相比,距离确诊后6个月以上的怀孕患者的5年生存率为96.7%。

死亡风险:在研究结束时有12.9%患者死亡。3组(未怀孕组,患癌前怀孕,怀孕相关乳腺癌)的5年总生存为87.5%,83.5%,82.1%。

患癌后妊娠:在这个组中,妊娠被认为是时间相关变量。5年OS为96.7%。

妊娠相关性乳腺癌生存率:我们发现,与40-44岁患者相比,20-29岁和30-34岁的乳腺癌患者的死亡率更高(HR 2.06; 95% CI,0.68-6.28; P = .20)(1.71;95%CI,0.61-4.83; P = .31)。

表1:怀孕患者的Cox模型。


表2:活胎或死产患者的Cox模型。


讨论

我们进行这项研究的主要目的是确定怀孕是否对乳腺癌妇女的生存有不利影响。我们发现,患癌与怀孕同步并未对生存状态不利。妊娠相关的乳腺癌的5年的年龄调整死亡率略高于未怀孕的患癌患者。在多变量模型中,年龄调整后的HR并没有发生重大变化(P = .41)。我们发现确诊乳腺癌后的怀孕对生存的影响并不是那么大。与非妊娠妇女相比,乳腺癌诊断6个月以后怀孕的妇女死亡明显下降。

我们关于妊娠相关的乳腺癌的预测结果与之前的2个研究结果类似。Amant的结果提示妊娠相关乳腺癌妇女与未怀孕妇女总死亡率的5年调整后HR为1.19(P=0.51),Rodriguez的结果类似。

很多人认为当妊娠与乳腺癌同时发现时,妊娠会影响患者生存。我们的研究回答了这个问题。我们的研究认为年龄才是影响生存的因素。

Swedish Cancer Registry的Johansson认为妊娠相关的乳腺癌预后较差,他们认为诊断延迟可导致晚期疾病的出现,或因肿瘤侵袭性较高,或因避免伤害胎儿而延缓治疗。我们发现,确诊时的年龄可能是不良因素,发病越小,预后越差。

我们发现,在妊娠相关的乳腺癌患者中,年纪越小,预后越差。与未怀孕的女性相比,年龄调整死亡率HR在小于30岁,30-34岁分别为1.93和1.75。我们的研究中的妊娠相关的乳腺癌患者与分期有关,小于30岁的患者中87.9%的为II-IV期,30-34岁的有83.3%,35-39有76.1%,大于40的有62.6%。相对应的ER(-)的比例为22.7%,20.2%,16.8%和10.8%。妊娠相关的乳腺癌患者更常见ER阴性。但是具体原因不清楚,有些人认为是因为妊娠可能预防ER(+)乳腺癌,增加ER(-)患癌率,或者将ER阳性转为阴性。

我们发现确诊后6月怀孕是健康的。这已有3个队列研究已证明。患癌后妊娠妇女的生存获益明显(与非妊娠妇女),可能是由于某种程度上的所谓的健康的母亲的影响,怀孕的妇女是最有可能的是一个良好的预后因素。

总结

妊娠对乳腺癌患者的生存没有不利影响。ER是辨别妊娠相关乳腺癌和非妊娠乳腺癌之间的最重要的因素。然而,调整ER状态并不会影响死亡风险。对于备孕的乳腺癌幸存者而言,如果诊断后6个月以上怀孕的死亡风险最低。

小编的话

该研究主要是探讨怀孕与乳腺癌的生存之间的关系,为大家填补了这一空缺。该研究能够利用各大数据库的信息,保证了研究的真实度。但是还是有一些小缺陷,如对于大多数流产的妇女来说,妊娠周是不可用的。而且文章并未详细说明内分泌治疗的具体情况。

原始出处:

Iqbal J, Amir E, et al.  Association of the Timing of Pregnancy With Survival in Women With Breast Cancer.  JAMA Oncol. 2017 Mar 9. 

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    2017-04-20 minlingfeng
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    2017-03-19 医艺依意

    这个研究方法值得学习

    0

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    2017-03-18 1e15b6fem30(暂无匿称)

    很好的学习资料,谢谢了。

    0

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    2017-03-18 1ddf3e1dm99(暂无匿称)

    学习了

    0

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