布斯杂志Brandvoice:Nature一作讲述IBM科幻级早期癌症外泌体检测芯片的发现历程

2016-11-10 佚名 生物谷


下次,你和四个朋友一起坐在一张桌子上吃晚饭时,稍等片刻,并考虑下这个事情:从统计学角度来看,你们中有两个人很可能在你的生命中的某个时候被诊断出癌症。这两个人由于治疗成本太高而破产的可能性会高2.5倍。

在统计上,你们中的一个会死于癌症。

每年10月是乳腺癌宣传月,以警醒我们这样一个严重的事实。提醒我们,乳腺癌是多么的普遍、多么令人情绪不安的、多么具有财政破坏性——以及为什么迫切需要减少乳腺癌对我们的生活的影响。

作为开发新技术以帮助癌症诊断的研究者,我每天都面对这样令人却步的数字。当我的妻子去年被诊断患有乳腺癌时,我发现自己具有了一种新的、个人的强力驱动。

随着我的家庭生活与我的专业追求融合,我意识到了早期诊断对生存的重要性。然而,当前方法的一个关键问题是,人们通常仅在身体出现症状后才进行诊断,这意味着疾病已经蔓延。我在IBM的团队研究中找到了一种方法,在单一症状发生之前,分离患者系统中癌症的最小生物学证据。

这种预测方法可以为子孙后代改变癌症的经济学,并减少身体和情绪的代价。

治疗癌症是非常昂贵的。根据美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO),最近批准的癌症药物平均每月可花费10,000美元;一些疗法可能每月花费3万美元或更多。

当您的医生可以在早期阶段诊断癌症时,您的破产和死亡的几率显着降低。发现在后期阶段,情况恰恰相反。如果在第一阶段诊断出乳腺癌(这个阶段肿瘤小且没有转移)并进行治疗,具有接近100%的五年存活率。在第四阶段,这一比率下降到22%左右。

我和我的团队所做的突破可以最终让我们在患者甚至进入第一阶段之前找到血液或尿液中癌症的最早证据,例如乳腺癌。

我们的方法分离了一种叫做外泌体的微小生物膜泡,是一种可能可以告诉我们癌症存在的时间和地点的细胞间信使。外泌体是如此之小,你可以在一个红细胞内塞下大约一百万个外泌体。我们使用基于芯片的技术将这些外泌体从样本中分离出来,以帮助识别看不见的、未被感觉到的癌症。

为了更好地理解我们如何做到这一点,你可以想象一个警察部队寻找一个怀疑运输危险材料大卡车。为了快速筛选大量的交通,他们可以将流量转移到一个低间隙隧道,允许小型车辆通过,迫使较大的卡车绕道路进行进一步调查。

到目前为止,可以通过大小分离以诊断癌症的最小的生物颗粒是循环肿瘤细胞。循环肿瘤细胞比外泌体大至少50倍,但是在体液中比外泌体少大约十亿倍。 检测肿瘤细胞所需的抽血量大约为一汤匙的量。 我们开发的检测外泌体的方法只需要不到四分之一茶匙的样品。

外泌体在尿液、唾液或汗液中也是非常丰富的,这意味着样品收集的行为对于患者可以是完全非侵入性的,并且对于实验室来说这不太复杂和昂贵。 Less is more,这样可以节省时间和检测成本。非侵入性方面的优势可能会让更多的患者愿意定期接受筛查,帮助癌症早期筛查。

据非营利组织Breastcancer.org的统计,2016年,据估计仅在美国就有307,660名妇女将得到乳腺癌的阳性诊断。八分之一的美国妇女将在她的一生中患上侵袭性乳腺癌。虽然我们还不能防止这种疾病的发生,但我们团队的技术可以比以前更快地检测癌症的发生,使数十万妇女得到快速和早期的治疗。

我知道早期治疗的价值。正如我前面提到的,我的妻子被诊断患有乳腺癌——幸运的是,在第一阶段,在常规乳房X线照片中发现的。我很高兴地告诉您,由于得到了早期诊断和治疗,她现在挺好的。这种个人经验激励我,帮助世界各地更多的患者避免目前癌症患者及其家人所需面对经济和情感的高昂成本。

该研究工作的前期报道:

Nature Nanotech:纳米级侧向位移微流控芯片可分离检测低至20纳米的外泌体(点击阅读)

IBM联合西奈山利用lab-on-a-chip技术检测癌症(点击阅读)

文章原文:

http://www.forbes.com/sites/ibm/2016/10/31/beyond-breast-cancer-awareness-month-isolating-early-evidence-of-cancer-to-aid-diagnostics/#6bc36b607c31

By Joshua T. Smith, Ph.D., IBM Research

(Smith是该论文的共同第一作者:Wunsch B H, Smith J T, Gifford S M, et al. Nanoscale lateral displacement arrays for the separation of exosomes and colloids down to 20 nm[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016.)

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    2017-06-10 zhouqu_8
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    2016-11-12 marongnuan
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    2016-11-12 lixiaol
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    2016-11-12 tulenzi

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