小儿肘关节脱位与肱骨小头测量(图文)

2022-08-22 放射沙龙 放射沙龙

小儿肘关节脱位与肱骨小头测量分析。

分析肱骨小头骨骺骨化前

(1)Ⅰ型全骨骺分离X线表现为:尺桡骨近端一起与肱骨干骺端分离,向内上移位。

(2)Ⅱ型全骨骺分离:为尺桡骨近端一起与肱骨干骺端分离,向内上移位,且肱骨干骺端内侧可见骨片游离。依据肱骨干骺端骨折块位置又可分两个亚型Ⅱa、Ⅱb。Ⅱa型,肱骨干骺端内侧有骨块游离,即角征。肱骨小头骨骺及尺桡骨近端一起向内侧与肱骨干骺端分离,其移位程度与角征一致。Ⅱb型,肱骨干骺端外侧可见骨片游离,即板征。较内侧骨折块小且移位程度轻,肱骨小头骨骺后尺桡骨近端一起向外侧移位,桡骨近端纵轴线通过肱骨小头骨骺中心部。

肱骨小头骨骺骨化后

(1)肱骨小头骨骺与尺桡骨近端一起向尺侧与肱骨干骺端分离,桡骨近端纵轴线通过肱骨小头骨骺中心。

(2)肱骨小头骨骺与尺桡骨近端一起向外侧移位,在侧位片上见肱骨小头骨骺向前或向后移位,但桡骨近端纵轴线通过肱骨小头骨骺中心。由此可见,肱骨小头骨骺分离表现为肱桡关系发生改变,即桡骨近端纵轴线不通过肱骨小头骨骺的中心,而肱骨远端全骨骺分离表现为肱桡关系不变,即桡骨纵轴线正通过肱骨小头骨骺中心。

肱骨远端全骨骺分离与肘关节脱位的鉴别 鉴别要点在于明确桡骨与肱骨小头骨骺相互位置关系以及尺桡骨的移位方向,肱骨远端骨骺全骨骺分离表现为桡骨与肱骨小头仍保持正常的位置关系。而尺骨和桡骨则向内侧移位;而肘关节脱位则不能保持桡骨与肱骨小头的正常位置关系,同时尺桡骨都向外侧移位。笔者认为,肱骨远端外髁骨骺骨折合并肘关节脱位与全骨骺分离相似,有两点必须明显区别:

(1)肱骨远端干骺端内侧无骨折。

(2)侧位片肱骨远侧干骺端向前移位,尺骨切迹向后移位。此型骨折脱位经常误诊为全骨骺分离。而且,肱骨远端骨骺分离者可试行复位,肘关节脱位复位后,比较稳定,而肱骨远端全骨骺分离时,肘关节稍一伸直,畸形立即出现。

小儿肘关节的画线和测量

(1)肱骨小头骨骺位置测量,正位片,做肱骨外上髁至桡骨骨干骺端外缘连线,肱骨小头骨骺应位于此连线内,而且与尺骨上端阴影部分重叠,如肱骨小头骨骺靠近或越过此线,即为小头骨骺向外侧移位。侧位片,不论肘关节屈曲程度,桡骨干纵轴线延伸通过肱骨小头骨骺中心,如不通过,肱骨小头有脱位。

(2)肱骨小头骨骺向后滑脱。肘关节侧位片,小头骨骺位于肱骨下端的前方。沿肱骨前缘划一直线,再通过骨干中轴划一条与之相平行的线,学龄前儿童肱骨小头位于两线之间。随着年龄增长,在9岁以前,其肱骨小头骨骺位于前线之后;9岁以后,则小头的前2/3位于前线之前,但整个骨骺仍位于后线之前。

(3)肱骨小头骨骺向前滑脱。肘关节侧位片,肱骨纵轴与肱骨小头化骨核中心线的下方夹角正常30°~50°,肱骨小头骨骺向前滑脱时,此角度加大。

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    2022-02-18 xugc
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    2021-11-10 shalley68
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