单忠艳:妊娠期碘营养对后代脑发育影响的临床和机制研究

2014-08-29 单忠艳 中华医学会内分泌学分会

碘是合成甲状腺激素的必需微量元素,而甲状腺激素对正常的脑发育至关重要。妊娠期间,尤其是妊娠早期,碘缺乏会导致母体甲状腺激素的不足,从而对后代的神经智力发育及认知功能产生不可逆的影响,在碘缺乏的一定范围内,这种影响随着碘缺乏的严重程度而逐渐加重。 在世界范围内碘缺乏仍然是导致大脑损伤和智力减退的最主要的原因,同时也是可以预防的原因。目前妊娠期碘营养对后代脑发育影响尚未解决的问题很多,我们将围绕以下

碘是合成甲状腺激素的必需微量元素,而甲状腺激素对正常的脑发育至关重要。妊娠期间,尤其是妊娠早期,碘缺乏会导致母体甲状腺激素的不足,从而对后代的神经智力发育及认知功能产生不可逆的影响,在碘缺乏的一定范围内,这种影响随着碘缺乏的严重程度而逐渐加重。

在世界范围内碘缺乏仍然是导致大脑损伤和智力减退的最主要的原因,同时也是可以预防的原因。目前妊娠期碘营养对后代脑发育影响尚未解决的问题很多,我们将围绕以下几个方面的问题展开讨论。

第一、妊娠期碘营养评估指标的选择。非妊娠人群和妊娠妇女,WHO 均建议碘营养状态的评估指标为平均尿碘中位数,但是根据我们SHEP 项目中碘适量的丹东地区143 例妊娠妇女在妊娠8 周,12 周,16 周,20 周,28 周,36 周,产后3 个月,产后6 个月进行的随访观察,UI/Cr 的变化趋势与血清无机碘(SI)一致,UI/Cr、SI 与同时留取的24 小时尿碘(UIE)存在显著相关,UI 和Tg 与SI 不存在显著相关。

应用24 小时尿碘分泌作为金标准(UIE),建立UI、UI/Cr、Tg 以及SI ROC 曲线,提示UI/Cr 能够客观反映妊娠妇女碘营养状态,是评价母体碘营养状态的合理指标。第二、边缘性碘缺乏是否影响后代脑发育。

最新发表的ALSPAC 研究显示妊娠<13 周的母亲UIC/Cr< 150 μg/g 与≥ 150 μg/g 相比,后代在8-9 岁时的IQ 评分、阅读的准确性和理解能力均降低。本研究组通过建立边缘性碘缺乏的孕鼠模型探讨了边缘性碘缺乏导致后代脑发育障碍的机制。第三、妊娠妇女碘营养是否越多越好。

普通人群当MUI ≥ 200μg/L 为碘超足量,可以导致自身免疫甲状腺炎和亚临床甲减发生的危险性升高。WHO建议妊娠妇女MUI ≥ 250μg/L 为碘超足量,≥ 500μg/L 为碘过量。妊娠妇女碘超足量和碘过量是否安全,本研究组通过建立碘过量的孕鼠模型,发现母体轻度碘过量可以导致后代智力轻度的,暂时的损伤。所以,为保护后代正常脑发育,妊娠妇女的碘营养应该控制在适量范围。

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