晕针还是过敏反应?教你鉴别 !

2016-04-26 佚名 医学之声

在临床上经常有一种病人,刚注射完或者在注射过程中发生晕厥,所以我们就很难分清是发生了过敏反应还是晕针呢?晕针和药物过敏是用药过程中或用药后两类性质不同的反应。今天我们就一起来分享这方面的内容。1晕针晕针属于血管迷走性晕厥,与短暂性脑供血障碍相关。其症状分析符合迷走神经亢进综合症。由于迷走神经亢进,内脏血管扩张,出现心跳缓慢和心肌收缩无力,造成脑供血不足所致。 多见于年轻而体弱的女性,由于

在临床上经常有一种病人,刚注射完或者在注射过程中发生晕厥,所以我们就很难分清是发生了过敏反应还是晕针呢?晕针和药物过敏是用药过程中或用药后两类性质不同的反应。今天我们就一起来分享这方面的内容。

1晕针

晕针属于血管迷走性晕厥,与短暂性脑供血障碍相关。其症状分析符合迷走神经亢进综合症。由于迷走神经亢进,内脏血管扩张,出现心跳缓慢和心肌收缩无力,造成脑供血不足所致。
 
多见于年轻而体弱的女性,由于注射时恐惧疼痛、空腹、出血、高热、悲哀、焦虑、剧痛、闷热、情绪紧张、通气不良、疲乏、失眠、体位突然改变等引起。
 
晕针常有短时前驱症状,表现为头晕,继之面色苍白,出冷汗,脉搏细,心率减慢,血压正常或偏低(严重者可以有明显血压降低),多持续5-10分钟自行恢复,可有头痛、乏力等。它是一种突发性、短暂性的意识丧失。
 
因此,晕针出现的临床症状主要是血管阻力下降的循环系统障碍和脑部供血不足的中枢神经系统症状,一般很少有呼吸困难、胸闷、气促等呼吸道症状,更不会出现血清病以及皮肤过敏反应等。晕针病人过敏试验阴性。晕针反应呈一过性,一般5-10min能自行恢复,继续用药不再发生反应。病人一旦发生晕针,一般无需用药,将病人抬到空气流通处或吸氧,使其平卧,并将患者下肢稍抬高以增加静脉回流,数分钟即可缓解。但对有心脏病人,则需加强监护,以防发生不测。

2过敏反应

药物过敏反应主要是由于抗原抗体反应形成的抗原抗体复合物作用,诱导肥大细胞及嗜碱性粒细胞释放组织胺、缓激肽、5-羟色胺等活性介质作用于效应器官,使平滑肌收缩,毛细血管扩张,通透性增高,而引起的一系列临床表现。
 
过敏反应起病突然,约半数患者在接受抗原5分钟内即出现症状,半小时后发生者占10%。最常见受累组织是皮肤、呼吸、心血管系统,其次是胃肠道和泌尿系统。
 
患者症状一般有胸闷、喉头堵塞及呼吸困难且不断加重,并出现晕厥感,面色苍白或发绀,烦躁不安,出冷汗,脉搏细弱,血压下降,后期可出现意识不清、昏迷、抽搐等中枢神经系统症状。
 
病人发生药物过敏反应,特别是过敏性休克,需分秒必争,全力以赴,按照过敏性休克抢救流程就地抢救。

3怎么鉴别

从临床表现二者较难区分,都可有头晕、心慌、面色苍白、出冷汗、心跳加快、欲吐、血压下降等临床症状。晕针易误诊为过敏性休克,以下几点可以帮助大家初步辨别。
 
1、有无晕针史或过敏史
 
2、有无使用药物—未使用药物(如针灸),先排除过敏性休克
 
3、药物是否具有致敏性—药物有致敏性,首先考虑过敏性休克
 
4、注射前患者有无紧张、恐惧、饥饿、疲劳。易致晕针
 
5、以前有无打过针,或用过同类药物,经常打针的人很少晕针可暂不考虑
 
6、看血压:晕针一般血压正常或稍低(极少数严重者可以明显降低)。而过敏性休克则血压明显降低。
 
7、看发生时间:晕针多在注射的当时或1-2分钟内发生,晕针恢复较快。过敏性休克则很少即时发生,发生时间上稍微比晕针发生要长一点。甚至可在注射后数小时发生。过敏则病情逐渐加重。
 
8、看是否有皮疹:若有新出现的皮疹的,要高度怀疑是过敏性休克。

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    2016-08-29 ylzr123

    深入学习,好文值得点赞!

    0

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    2016-05-12 QQ6709219e

    学习了'有用

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    2016-04-26 老段

    必须鉴别

    0