面对脊髓性肌萎缩,除了等待药物还能做什么

2016-08-21 佚名 医学界儿科频道

十多年前,基因检测还是个稀罕词,国内能做检测的机构也是凤毛麟角。“我的工作就是在那种大环境下开始的,当时接到一个基因诊断的咨询电话,关于SMA,也称脊髓性肌萎缩症。这是一种常染色体隐性遗传病,也是罕见病的一种。现在很多家长可能很熟悉它,但当时国内在SMA的基因诊断涉足很少。”十多年前,作为为数不多的研究者之一,首都儿研所宋昉主任开始了对罕见病基因诊断的探索。要关注>3岁SMA患儿的诊断脊髓性肌萎缩

十多年前,基因检测还是个稀罕词,国内能做检测的机构也是凤毛麟角。


“我的工作就是在那种大环境下开始的,当时接到一个基因诊断的咨询电话,关于SMA,也称脊髓性肌萎缩症。这是一种常染色体隐性遗传病,也是罕见病的一种。现在很多家长可能很熟悉它,但当时国内在SMA的基因诊断涉足很少。”十多年前,作为为数不多的研究者之一,首都儿研所宋昉主任开始了对罕见病基因诊断的探索。


要关注>3岁SMA患儿的诊断


脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA),发病率为1/6000—10000,是2岁以下婴幼儿第一大遗传病因的死亡杀手。由于脊髓运动神经元退化凋亡,SMA患者的四肢和肌肉无力,四肢近端和躯干肌肉逐渐萎缩,重者会死于呼吸衰竭。


SMA有四种分型,Ⅰ型患儿通常在6个月内起病,少数患儿在孕期就会有胎动减弱的表现,患儿出生后不久即表现肌张力低下,吸吮力弱、哭声微弱、呼吸浅,并且翻身和抬头困难;Ⅱ型是在6-18个月间发病的患者,6个月以后运动发育迟缓,能坐或站立但不能独立行走;Ⅲ型在18个月后发病,根据3岁前后发病还可细分为Ⅲa和Ⅲb型,多数患者寿命不受影响。还有一类在成人期发病者,为Ⅳ型,预后也较良好,行走功能受影响较小。


宋昉主任做过一项SMA自然史的研究,是纳入237例患儿的回顾性调查分析。她们发现,SMA患儿获得运动功能的时间可能晚于正常儿童,并且获得的运动功能随着病情的进展出现退步。比如正常幼儿一岁左右能独立行走SMA患者可能会推迟到一岁三个月或一岁四个月,而且开始能平稳走路,但会慢慢退步;有些患儿在一开始走路就有步态不稳的状况;有些晚发病的患者,比如Ⅲb型和Ⅳ型,他们发病前具备正常的行走功能。


整体数据中,死亡病例在Ⅰ型占到70%,在Ⅱ型所占比例很低,Ⅲ型则没有。从患者发病到第一次就诊到基因诊断确诊,时间间隔最长者是Ⅲ型。也是在SMA人群中比例最低的型别。“可能因为Ⅲ型患者病情不太严重、进展比较缓慢,造成家长关注度不够,就诊延迟或临床不易诊断。家长和临床工作者应关注对Ⅲ型患者的诊断。”


她们将Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型SMA死亡的年龄也做了细化分析,将Ⅰ型分为3组,小于1个月发病,1~2个月,>2个月。数据显示,2个月之前发病和2个月之后发病的Ⅰ型患儿,死亡的平均年龄有统计学差异;Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的平均死亡年龄,也有很大的统计学差异。


“自然史研究显示了中国SMA患儿人群的发生发展和转归的基本规律,大于3岁SMA患儿的诊断是需要大家关注的。”


从患者日常中发现问题预防并发症


近10年,基因诊断由于具有特异性和非创伤性的特点成为SMA的主要检查手段。特别对于小年龄患儿,SMA的临床诊断变得更加明确。除了基因诊断,肌电图也是必做的检查;病情比较复杂的患者,肌肉活检也是不可或缺的辅助检查。


宋昉主任说,目前SMA的治疗策略主要分为两类:SMN蛋白依赖治疗和非SMN依赖治疗,其中一些已经通过临床前研究进入临床试验阶段。


尽管药物研发已在国外进入临床阶段,这让很多家长与医生看到了希望,但药品进入国内并能用于大部分患儿还需时日。在没有特效药物治疗之前,目前通过呼吸支持、康复训练和心理干预等措施是可以达到延长患者生命、提高生活质量的目的。“对于家长,了解SMA知识非常重要,包括呼吸、营养的支持以及护理等。”


对于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型SMA,肺部疾病可能是主要的致残致死原因。正常人如果误吸会出现强烈的咳嗽反应,但对肌无力的患者,反应可能并不强烈,但肺部并发症却很重,所以家长要仔细观察患儿吃饭有无问题。另外,他得了感冒以后恢复的进程如何、有没有夜间睡眠问题、有没有缺氧的表现,这些都需要仔细观察,可以作为护理的线索。对于Ⅱ型SMA患者,过去很多是在发现有睡眠问题后才开始使用呼吸机,其实已经有些晚,应该更早地给他呼吸支持。肺部胸廓的问题,可以适时地干预,有一些是可逆可改善的。但是干预过晚,到了一定的年龄以后,则不可逆转。


罕见病的治疗还在路上,宋主任的研究也不曾停滞,对SMA患者的救治和挽留目前虽不能以药物致胜,这让宋主任谈及这个话题时有很多保留,不过有一点她毫无疑问:“未来对SMA的治疗一定是充满希望的。”

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    2017-05-23 chendoc252
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    2016-08-23 zhouqu_8
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    2016-08-22 知难而进

    学习了,赞一个

    0

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    2016-08-22 茶马古道

    不错,学习了!

    0

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