低钾血症患者补钾后突然死亡,一定要警惕这些教训……

2020-05-10 姜飞熊 四川大学华西医学院生理学病例剖析 医学界

低钾血症在临床上时不时会碰到,那么是不是钾低就补钾呢?这里有一个低钾血症补钾后死亡的案例分析,值得大家从中借鉴如何正确的处理血钾异常。

低钾血症在临床上时不时会碰到,那么是不是钾低就补钾呢?这里有一个低钾血症补钾后死亡的案例分析,值得大家从中借鉴如何正确的处理血钾异常。

▎病例

患者XXX,男,27岁,因“鼻塞一年”入院。入院诊断:鼻中隔偏曲,慢性鼻炎。

2019-08-20 行矫正手术。术后予以禁食,静脉输注抗生素及补液等对症治疗。

2019-08-21 2:00,患者出现全身无力,心率降低,血压显示110/50mmHg,遂予以补液治疗,血清采血送检验科。

2019-08-21 3:00,患者血钾1.4mmol/L(参考范围3.50-5.50mmol/L),立即给予静脉补钾。

2019-08-21 4:00,患者出现心室纤颤,心脏骤停,抢救无效,死亡。

▎初步讨论

在病例的初步讨论中,参与医生对致死原因的推测分为了两派:

▎血钾异常要考虑的基本知识点:

1.人体98%的钾都在细胞内,我们能测到的只有血钾

当出现低钾血症的时候,我们所知的仅仅是血液中钾离子浓度下降,细胞内是否低钾,是无法测得的。

因此,当面对患者低钾的时候,我们要考虑两种思路:第一,患者是真的缺钾,血液和细胞内同时低钾;第二,患者总钾并不低,仅仅是血液中低钾,很可能钾被细胞摄取,这种情况叫做“重分布性缺钾”,即钾总量没有下降,患者并不缺钾,只是血钾进入了细胞,“重分布”了。

2.见尿补钾!见尿补钾!见尿补钾!

人体排出钾的通路非常有限,只有三种:1) 尿液;2)粪便;3)大量出汗。其中2和3的排出量都十分有限,临床上主要依靠的手段是尿液排出。

总体来说,补钾需要谨慎的一点就在于,一旦我们补进去了,要拿出来就很难了。所以,见尿补钾。

3.胰岛素对血钾的调节作用

这是一个容易被忽略的点,胰岛素除了我们熟知的调节血糖的作用,还对血钾有着单独的作用。胰岛素会促进细胞对钾的摄取,让更多的钾进入细胞,因此胰岛素升高可能降低血钾。

4.高血钾症和低血钾症都会引发心律失常

▎复盘病例

现在我们回头再来看这个病例的处理思路和可以选择的其他思路。

1.患者的低钾血症是怎么来的?

患者为年轻男性,其进行的鼻中隔矫正手术是一个死亡率接近为0的小手术。患者在术后禁食期间,医生予以静脉补液,除了抗生素之外补充了葡萄糖。此后患者被发现出现了严重的低钾血症,血钾仅1.4mmol/L(参考范围3.50-5.50mmol/L)。

这个低钾血症是如何出现的?患者是真的缺钾吗?患者没有尿崩,没有腹泻,没有大量失钾的机会,为什么会低钾血症?

因为补液补了葡萄糖,葡萄糖导致胰岛素升高,细胞摄入钾加强,血钾下降。也就是说患者总钾并不少,他是重分布性缺钾。但是另一个问题来了:普通人并不会因为补充葡萄糖就出现如此严重的低钾血症。

患者本身患有低钾性周期性麻痹(Hypokalemic periodic paralysis),他的细胞K+通道功能异常,Na+-K+泵活性增强,导致了低钾血症的发生。低钾性周期性麻痹的一个典型症状是周期性麻痹,同时它是一种遗传病。患者本人有周期性麻痹的症状,它的亲戚当中也存在周期性麻痹的家族史。

低钾性周期性麻痹在平时可能并不严重,虽有症状,但未必会影响患者生活,本例患者此前并不知道自己患有此病。

2.低钾血症补钾问题

低钾血症是会引发心律失常、麻痹、横纹肌溶解、呼吸肌无力等严重并发症并危及生命的情况,在这一病例中,患者在症状上出现了明显的全身无力,由下肢开始表现,无法抬腿,同时实验室检查出现明显的低钾。

当时管床医生请来了心内科医生会诊,心内科会诊表示从症状到检查结果都符合低钾血症的诊断。最终对患者进行了静脉补钾。

一般情况下,补钾首先考虑口服补钾,因为口服补钾吸收较少,相对安全。静脉补钾在紧急情况下使用,有条件应该优先使用静脉泵,本病例条件有限,选择的是静滴。本病例从检查报告上看,确实是严重低钾,医生紧急情况下选择静滴是适当的(此处仅指条件有限的情况下或紧急情况下补钾方式适当)。

3.患者室颤死亡,为何?

复盘到现在,我们已经能想到是由于患者无异常尿液增加,未能做到见尿补钾,因此在总量不缺的情况下补钾,钾补到身体里出不来,机体发生反跳性高血钾,因此出现了心律失常,继续加重出现了室颤,最终发生了死亡。

实际上医院进行了及时和反复的抢救,为什么最终患者还是走向了最坏的结局呢?因为作为旁观者在这里复盘的我们能意识到这是出现了高钾血症,但当事医生当时并不能意识到这点。

由于没有能考虑清楚为何出现了低钾血症,因此难以推断出高钾血症的发生。又由于没有条件进行床旁血气分析,也无法从检查报告中获知这一点。

所以他们是按照低钾血症来进行抢救的,患者最终未能救回。

4.高钾血症如何救治

高钾血症的救治分为三步走。

第一步是最关键也是最重要的:解决心脏毒性。

如果这一步没有做好,后面也不用治了。采取的方案是注射钙剂,原因是:

Ca2+ 可以使RP与阈电位的距离接近正常,心肌细胞的兴奋性恢复;
增强心肌细胞的收缩性;
增强自律性。

第二步,降低血钾浓度。

对,这个才是第二步,保住心脏是首要任务。由于人体排钾的方式非常有限,因此要同时采取让血钾进入细胞内,并促进肾脏排钾的措施:

注射碱性溶液:纠正酸中毒(因为高钾血症患者大多可出现酸中毒),恢复肾脏排K+;
静滴葡萄糖-胰岛素溶液(即前面提到的胰岛素可促进细胞吸收血钾,把血钾降下来)。

第三步,可考虑血液透析。

通过血透的方式把钾过滤掉。

▎经验教训

1.问病史还是要详细。患者虽然不知道自己患有低钾性周期性麻痹,但麻痹的症状是可能问出来的。

2.见尿补钾。患者没有尿崩没有腹泻,钾去哪里了?当事医生没有进一步思考这个问题,甚至会诊的心内科医生也没能整体把握病情,最终院方凭症状和检查报告采取了应对措施。只要在这里进一步思考,就可能发现是重分布性缺钾。

3.实际上医生在每一步都做了他认为最能挽救患者的选择,但是由于未能正确找出血钾低的原因,导致了此后每一步都使得患者的情况更为严重,最终致命。

4.我们平时对于病例尤其是预后不好的病例,还是要多思考,即便自己已经做了当下最好的选择,也可以想一想,是否有更深层次和被忽略的原因,是否可以改进。

四川大学华西医学院袁副教授点评

医生不怕患者的病情重,他怕的是不知道怎么回事。由于没有弄清事实,这位医生做的每一步试图挽救患者生命的措施,都成了患者的“催命符”。

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    2020-05-12 pps20025
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    2020-05-10 qingfengqishi5

    学习了,学习了

    0

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