Nature:卒中后星形胶质细胞捐赠线粒体以挽救神经元

2016-07-29 生物通 生物通

如果你汽车的电池坏掉了,你可能会寻求道路救援或求助于善心的旁观者。发布在7月27日《自然》(Nature)杂志上的一项新研究发现,当受损的神经元丧失它们的“电池”——产生能量的线粒体时,它们会向另一类脑细胞:星形胶质细胞寻求支援。这些细胞会做出响应将额外的线粒体捐赠给挣扎中的神经元。科学家们说,尽管仍然是初步的研究发现,其有可能促成一些新方法帮助人们从中风或其他脑损伤中康复过来。 首都医科大学的

如果你汽车的电池坏掉了,你可能会寻求道路救援或求助于善心的旁观者。发布在7月27日《自然》(Nature)杂志上的一项新研究发现,当受损的神经元丧失它们的“电池”——产生能量的线粒体时,它们会向另一类脑细胞:星形胶质细胞寻求支援。这些细胞会做出响应将额外的线粒体捐赠给挣扎中的神经元。科学家们说,尽管仍然是初步的研究发现,其有可能促成一些新方法帮助人们从中风或其他脑损伤中康复过来。

首都医科大学的吉训明(Xunming Ji)教授,麻省总医院的Eng H. Lo博士以及Kazuhide Hayakawa是这篇论文的共同通讯作者。吉训明教授主要从事脑卒中筛查与防治工作、急性脑梗死溶栓与神经保护治疗研究、慢性脑缺血的适应保护治疗研究和脑静脉病变的诊断与治疗研究。

2016年1月,吉训明教授与匹兹堡大学的陈俊教授合作领导研究团队对大脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤进行了深入研究,揭示了早期血脑屏障破裂的分子机制及其长期影响。这项研究发表在Nature Communications杂志上。

以色列Rabin神经生物学研究所神经生物学家Reuven Stein(未参与该研究)说:“这是一项非常有趣且重要的研究,因为它描述了星形胶质细胞能够保护神经元的一种新机制。”

为了跟上整个大脑能量密集型信息传递工作的进度,神经元需要大量的线粒体,这一发电厂生成分子燃料ATP维持了细胞的活力和运作。神经元中的线粒体必须在一个叫做分裂的自我复制过程中常常获得替换。如果线粒体受损或无法跟上细胞的需求,能源供应就会耗尽而杀死细胞。

2014年,研究人员发布了首个证据证实:大脑中的细胞可以转移线粒体,但其看起来更像是在扔垃圾。当神经元排出受损线粒体时,星形胶质细胞吞下并分解它们。Eng Lo和Kazuhide Hayakawa想知道,这种转移是否可能走向另一个方向——或许星形胶质细胞将起作用的线粒体捐给了处于困境中的神经元。其他研究小组的研究支持了这一观点:例如,2012年的一项研究发现来自骨髓的干细胞可以将线粒体捐给严重损伤后的肺细胞。

为了弄清楚这种捐赠是否也发生在大脑中,Lo和Hayakawa与首都医科大学的吉训明教授合作,测试了是否可以诱导星形胶质细胞排出健康的起作用的线粒体。以往的一些研究暗示,星形胶质细胞可能利用叫做CD38的一种酶接收到了神经元的“求助”信号。机体全身都可响应损伤或破坏生成这种酶,星形胶质细胞也能生成CD38。当研究人员遗传改造小鼠生成过量的CD38时,他们提取出来并放置在充满液体的培养皿中的小鼠星形胶质细胞排出了大量仍然发挥功能的线粒体颗粒。研究人员随后将富含线粒体的液体倒入到包含濒死小鼠神经元的另一个培养皿中,发现这些细胞确实在24小时内吸收了线粒体。相比没有接受替换电池的细胞,重新充电的神经元还长出了新分支,活得更久,且具有较高水平的ATP,表明星形胶质细胞线粒体是有益的。

接下来,研究小组需要确定同样的现象是否发生在活体动物身上。因此,他们让麻醉的活鼠遭受中风样损伤,然后给受损大脑区域注入星形胶质细胞来源的线粒体。在24小时后,科学家们杀死小鼠,切割它们的大脑,用显微镜观察了这一组织。他们看到相比未接受线粒体鸡尾酒的小鼠,这些小鼠的神经元不仅吸收了线粒体,一些已知促进困境细胞生存的分子水平显著升高。

最后,研究小组测试了CD38是否是线粒体转移的必要条件。他们给小鼠注射了一些RNA短片段旨在干扰该酶的功能。在模拟“中风”后接受这种处理的小鼠神经元中有着较少的星形胶质细胞线粒体。相比于未阻断CD38的小鼠,这些小鼠神经系统测试结果要糟糕两倍。Lo强调这项研究工作仅仅是“一项概念证明研究,但神经系统测试的结果告诉了你该酶与临床相关。”

伯明翰大学微生物学家Frances Lund谨慎地表示,鉴于CD38在全身,包括免疫系统中起着许多重要的作用,“这些初期的数据还不足以促成开始寻求提高或改变其活性的药物。例如,还不清楚线粒体转移是由CD38水平所致,或仅仅是与之相关。”

原始出处:

Hayakawa K, Esposito E, Wang X, Terasaki Y, Liu Y, Xing C, Ji X, Lo EH. Transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons after stroke. Nature. 2016 Jul 27;535(7613):551-5.

作者简介:吉训明

男,主任医师,教授,副院长,汉族,江苏南通人,中共党员,1970.12.18.出生;医学博士,MBA;神经外科主任医师、教授、博士研究生导师。担任首都医科大学宣武医院副院长、北京市脑血管病转化医学重点实验室副主任、北京市老年病医疗研究中心副主任、北京市科委脑血管病首席专家、中国老年医学会副主任委员、卫生部脑卒中筛查与防治工程委员会副主任委员、首医大宣武医院-哈佛大学麻省总医院中美神经科学研究所中方主任、北京脑重大疾病研究院理事、中华医学会科研管理专业委员会常委和卫生部高颅压与脑静脉病变诊治中心主任等。先后获得北京市科技新星、新世纪百千万人才、教育部新世纪人才、北京市卫生系统高层次骨干人才和北京市教委优秀青年骨干人才等多项人才项目资助。获得省部级以上科技进步奖励共5项;获得发明专利、使用新型专利授权7项,成果转化2项。师从于我国神经外科专家凌锋教授,主要从事脑卒中筛查与防治工作、急性脑梗死溶栓与神经保护治疗研究、慢性脑缺血的适应保护治疗研究和脑静脉病变的诊断与治疗研究。

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content=<a href='/topic/show?id=421a5968510' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#星形胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59685, encryptionId=421a5968510, topicName=星形胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60b4474, createdName=bbwuyu_003, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 14:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1389169, encodeId=42191389169c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acf3840e459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84074, encryptionId=acf3840e459, topicName=胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/DC48AC6B5FFD609EED5594C15A97B420/100, 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createdTime=Sat Jul 30 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. 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content=<a href='/topic/show?id=421a5968510' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#星形胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59685, encryptionId=421a5968510, topicName=星形胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60b4474, createdName=bbwuyu_003, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 14:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1389169, encodeId=42191389169c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acf3840e459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84074, encryptionId=acf3840e459, topicName=胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/DC48AC6B5FFD609EED5594C15A97B420/100, createdBy=57dc2500034, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 14:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95214, encodeId=eb4495214dc, content=厉害的研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95139, encodeId=398995139b6, content=大无畏精神, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-11 ylzr123

    学习了,好文值得点赞!

    0

  5. 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content=<a href='/topic/show?id=421a5968510' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#星形胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59685, encryptionId=421a5968510, topicName=星形胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60b4474, createdName=bbwuyu_003, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 14:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1389169, encodeId=42191389169c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acf3840e459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84074, encryptionId=acf3840e459, topicName=胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/DC48AC6B5FFD609EED5594C15A97B420/100, createdBy=57dc2500034, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 14:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95214, encodeId=eb4495214dc, content=厉害的研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95139, encodeId=398995139b6, content=大无畏精神, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-09 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,继续关注

    0

  6. 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  7. 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createdTime=Sat Jul 30 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. 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createdTime=Sat Jul 30 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-31 oo902

    厉害的研究

    0

  9. 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    2016-07-30 lovetcm

    大无畏精神

    0

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