陈世耀:正确认识系统综述与Meta分析

2014-04-06 贾春实 中国医学论坛报

       当需要了解某一疾病的进展或处理方法,例如B2版中所提病例对局部进展期胃癌的治疗,可通过阅读一般综述。一般综述能提供针对该患者一般问题的更多信息,包 括①如何明确诊断并选择合适的方法(例如增强CT检查 )进行正确分期;②治疗方法(单纯手术治疗、术前辅助化疗+手术、术前放疗等);③各治疗方法的优缺点。当需要为患者

       当需要了解某一疾病的进展或处理方法,例如B2版中所提病例对局部进展期胃癌的治疗,可通过阅读一般综述。一般综述能提供针对该患者一般问题的更多信息,包 括①如何明确诊断并选择合适的方法(例如增强CT检查 )进行正确分期;②治疗方法(单纯手术治疗、术前辅助化疗+手术、术前放疗等);③各治疗方法的优缺点。当需要为患者选择具体治疗方案时,系统综述或荟萃 (Meta)分析能提供针对性的证据。该病例特定问题是局部进展期胃癌围手术期化疗是否获益更多(表1)。

表1  系统综述与传统综述的比较

特征传统综述系统综述
提出的问题涉及面较广常集中于一个具体临床问题
资料来源和搜索各种检索方法并用,依据作者习惯,文献收集不全,可能存在选择偏倚资料来源全面,有较好的检索策略
选择评估资料个人经验对资料的罗列和选择,无专门方法用严格的方法评估后选择
资料综合通常为定性总结,描述性可以进行定量分析
推论建立在一般证据基础上建立在充分评估的证据基础上

        筛选文献的PICOS原则包括①患者和(或)疾病状况(P)为局部进展期胃癌患者的处理问题;②治疗干预(I)(或暴露)为联合术前化疗;③比较(C),与 单纯手术治疗比较;④临床的结局(O)为手术切除率和1~5年生存率;⑤研究类型(S)在本病例随机对照研究(RCT)及Meta分析。

系统综述与Meta分析的形成标准

        系统综述或Meta分析成为最佳证据是基于其经过评价的高质量原始研究证据。不同研究类型证据,在临床应用、系统综述或Meta分析时,评价标准不同,疗效比较包括以下标准。

        杰达德(Jadad)评分量表 一般系统综述文献质量评价标准, 包括随机序列产生、随机化隐藏、盲法、退出与失访。

        特尔斐(Delphi)清单  为治疗性研究质量评价标准,包括①是否采用了随机分组,分组过程是否应用了盲法;②严重影响结果的基线资料是否一致;③纳入排除标准是否明确;④结果测 量是否应用盲法;⑤干预措施执行者是否实施盲法; ⑥受试对象是否实施盲法;⑦主要结果的点估计及估计的精确性; ⑧分析中是否包含了意向性分析。

        科克伦(Cochrane)评估者手册  手册推荐的偏倚风险评估工具用于Cochrane系统综述评价标准。根据随机序列、隐蔽分组、盲法、结果数据不完整、选择性报告结果及其他偏倚6项,绘制出风险偏倚评估图。

        CONSORT声明  治疗性论文发表时的报告标准。CONSORT声明包括25项条目的清单和流程图,声明全文以及相关说明和解释文件可以在其网站上免费获得。

Meta分析中的森林图解析

        Meta分析是使用各种技术分析资料以图表形式呈现结果的一种定量统计分析方法,是对多个研究效应值合并分析的技术,报告效应值可信区间,不同研究和资料类型的效应指标不同(表2)。

表2  Meta分析方法的效应指标选择

资料类型合并统计效应指标统计学模型(F:固定效应;R:随机效应)
计数资料比值比(OR)Mantel-Haenszel (F),Peto (F), DerSimonian和Laird (R)
危险比(RR)Mantel-Haenszel (F),DerSimonian和Laird (R)
危险差(RD)Mantel-Haenszel (F),DerSimonian和Laird (R)
计量资料加权均数差(weighted mean difference)Inverse variance (F),DerSimonian和Laird (R)
标准化均数差(standardised mean difference)Inverse variance (F),DerSimonian和Laird (R)
时间序列资料比值比/危险比(odds/hazard ratio)Peto (F)
由作者所定义Inverse variance (F), DerSimonian和Laird (R)

        Meta 分析图又称为森林图,该图以一条数值为1或0的中心垂直线为无差异线,试验结局效应值横向排列,综合效应值为一小菱形方块表示,每一横线代表效应值分布情 况,通常该横线触及或跨越差异线,表示干预与对照比较的结局效应差异无统计学显著性。森林图中间是每项研究权重,根据样本量和效应的估计值而决定,样本量 越大、估计值越精确,权重越大。左下角常有I2值及P值,为纳入的各研究异质性检验,I2越小说明异质性越小。

原始文献的发表偏倚评估

        临床研究的阳性结果易被发表,阴性结果则反之或研究者不愿投稿,造成某一干预措施效果的片面夸大。检查纳入文献是否存在发表偏倚的方法之一是漏斗图分析法, 图形不对称可能存在发表偏倚;其他因素也会导致图形不对称,例如样本量小、方法学质量低下、机遇、干预强度不同导致疗效差异,虚假报道等。本病例的 Meta分析采用漏斗图评估了发表偏倚。

循证实践中证据应用的其他问题

        除文献的科学性评价之外,证据应用更需要考虑结果大小、安全性和成本效果。在该病例中,除评估方案的总生存外,术前化疗是否增加手术风险,患者能否耐受手术 等都需要考虑。有些可从Meta分析研究报告中获得证据,有些需要结合患者状况例如患者的个体化信息(全身状态评分、能否耐受化疗药物、是否存在禁忌证 等)作出决策。

        该病例应用最有效的循证医学证据,充分考虑患者意愿及个体化信息,选择了术前化疗联合手术切除的策略,随访时获得预期效果。

任何证据在临床实践中都需要进一步接受临床实践的检验,不仅是处理具体的患者,还是作为一项证据更新指南。该病例的最佳证据为2010年发表的Meta分 析,也是决策依据;2012年和2013年Meta分析的更新,不仅增加了文献纳入,扩大了样本人群,从亚组分析、单纯纳入高质量RCT的敏感性分析等都 增加了推荐应用术前辅助化疗策略的循证医学证据强度。

作者:复旦大学附属中山医院内科教研室  复旦大学循证医学中心   陈世耀

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    2014-06-29 guojianrong
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    2014-07-27 zgarycn

    初学者可以用来写写文章

    0

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    2014-04-23 faustine

    想写meta,但一直不知从何处下手,看来还得积累啊!

    0

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    2014-06-23 一闲
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1971840, encodeId=e46619e1840c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8299e694421' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#系统综述#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76944, encryptionId=8299e694421, topicName=系统综述)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c8f4467, createdName=AspirantSuo, createdTime=Sat Aug 23 16:12:00 CST 2014, time=2014-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1887385, encodeId=321d188e385d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun Jun 29 22:12:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10692, encodeId=7fb510692fb, content=初学者可以用来写写文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKHTxibnTFDibsIc9IbicSoNvDavBYy3n5QqAZr2cxfMMUgeOEeuxAqGK9L29c7fumcbxNNVib0TZaJEA/132, createdBy=1cdb95091, createdName=zgarycn, createdTime=Sun Jul 27 10:22:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9113, encodeId=32be911394, content=想写meta,但一直不知从何处下手,看来还得积累啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b4977922, createdName=faustine, createdTime=Wed Apr 23 18:25:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1895718, encodeId=e0ae1895e1891, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Jun 23 05:12:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=8873, encodeId=640088e349, content=对临床医生很有实际指导意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=27f497731, createdName=xiaoxuesong, createdTime=Mon Apr 07 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-04-07 xiaoxuesong

    对临床医生很有实际指导意义

    0

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