症状很像慢阻肺,许多患者戒了烟就能康复……呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病鉴别诊断难在哪?

2018-12-09 代华平、谢冰冰 呼吸界

大部分医务工作者乃至患者都清楚吸烟是引发肺癌的元凶,但吸烟对呼吸系统的伤害远不止此,本文共提到4种纤维化性肺疾病,其中大部分甚至所有都与吸烟有密切关系!对于「吸烟相关性间质性肺疾病」的检查结果有何特征、怎样鉴别诊断、首选哪些治疗,不少临床医生还不够了解,为此,中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科代华平主任进行了权威解读。

大部分医务工作者乃至患者都清楚吸烟是引发肺癌的元凶,但吸烟对呼吸系统的伤害远不止此,本文共提到4种纤维化性肺疾病,其中大部分甚至所有都与吸烟有密切关系!对于「吸烟相关性间质性肺疾病」的检查结果有何特征、怎样鉴别诊断、首选哪些治疗,不少临床医生还不够了解,为此,中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科代华平主任进行了权威解读

吸烟是威胁人类健康的「隐形杀手」。世界卫生组织公布的数据显示,卷烟的烟雾中含有5000多种化合物,对人体从多方面造成危害,呼吸系统受害最大。吸烟不仅能够引起肺癌和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等,还能够导致间质性肺疾病或肺纤维化。

间质性肺疾病是以进行性加重的呼吸困难为主要临床表现的一组弥漫性肺疾病的总称,包括200多种病因各不相同的疾病。其中与吸烟密切相关的纤维化性肺疾病称为吸烟相关性间质性肺疾病,具体包括呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病(RB-ILD)、脱屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)、肺朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(PLCH),以及特发性肺纤维化(IPF)和肺纤维化合并肺气肿(CPFE)等。

RB-ILD仍被列为是特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)的一种类型。2013年ATS和ERS针对近十年关于IIP新的研究进展和认识,对2002年颁布的《IIP诊治国际多学科共识》进行了更新和增补,其中就提出了「吸烟相关性间质性肺病(smoking-related interstitial lung disease,SRILD)」的概念,认为大部分的脱屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)以及几乎所有的RB-ILD和朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)都与吸烟有密切关系。

RB-ILD的临床症状缺乏特异性,主要临床症状为干咳和气促,多数仅有轻微咳嗽,少数严重病例也可有明显的呼吸困难和低氧血症。体格检查30%患者有爆裂音,爆裂音通常在整个吸气相均可以听到,杵状指罕见。

常规实验室检查常无异常表现。

辅助检查

1、影像

约25%的患者胸片表现正常,常见的异常可发现支气管肺纹理增重,或伴磨玻璃影、局部肺气肿等。胸部HRCT表现为弥漫细支气管中心性结节,斑片磨玻璃影与气体陷闭(air trapping)交错构成马赛克征,可见中央支气管与外周支气管的管壁增厚。

2、肺功能

可以表现为阻塞或限制型通气功能障碍,但也可表现为正常。大多数伴有一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)降低,残气量增加。

3、支气管肺泡灌洗液

可以见到以包含黄色、褐色、黑色色素沉着的肺泡巨噬细胞为特征。如果患者BALF中缺少上述特征性巨噬细胞,诊断应考虑其他可能疾病。

4、病理

RB-ILD的特征性组织病理学表现为主要累及呼吸性细支气管及其周围肺泡的炎症。通常见在呼吸性细支气管、周围的肺泡管和肺泡中分布有含棕褐色色素颗粒的巨噬细胞,伴细支气管管壁轻度增厚。

诊断标准

确立RB-ILD的诊断首先应病理符合RB-ILD表现。除此之外,应结合临床-影像,即有大量吸烟的病史(尤其是近6个月内有吸烟史),有相应的临床和影像学及BALF表现,同时排除其他更为严重的弥漫性间质性肺疾病,诊断即可成立。

鉴别诊断

主要应与其他类型的特发性间质性肺炎相鉴别,尤其是DIP,经支气管肺活检(transbronchial lung biopsy,TBLB)通常不能鉴别RB-ILD和DIP,而区分两者对于判断预后有一定帮助,故鉴别二者建议外科肺活检。其他应与某些职业粉尘吸入所致尘肺、有机粉尘吸入致过敏性肺炎,以及结节病、多发肺部囊样病变等弥漫性肺疾病鉴别。

治疗和预后

首选戒烟治疗,症状明显则需要应用泼尼松治疗。RB-ILD对激素治疗反应良好,能长期稳定存活,预后较好。

Case

65岁男性,咳嗽、咳痰1月,抗感染、止咳治疗无效。吸烟48年x2包/天;

肺通气功能正常,小气道功能障碍,DLco↓;BALF:巨噬细胞吞噬棕色颗粒。诊断:RB-ILD;治疗:戒烟!!3+月后随访:咳嗽缓解,CT病变明显吸收。



              戒烟前                                                                    戒烟后3月

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