BMJ:Wells评分结合D-二聚体检测有效排除深静脉血栓

2014-03-18 佚名 dxy

深静脉血栓形成(DVT)症状和体征不典型,漏诊可能会导致肺栓塞等致命结局,因此需要通过临床预测或诊断性检查方法来明确诊断。Wells评分量表可能是临床上应用最广泛的预测准则。许多研究表明低Wells量表得分+D-二聚体阴性情况下,不进一步行诊断性检查停止抗凝是安全的。 Wells评分量表 但是,Wells评分的有效性在不同患者亚群中价值受到质疑。有研究表明根据低Wells评分+D-

深静脉血栓形成(DVT)症状和体征不典型,漏诊可能会导致肺栓塞等致命结局,因此需要通过临床预测或诊断性检查方法来明确诊断。Wells评分量表可能是临床上应用最广泛的预测准则。许多研究表明低Wells量表得分+D-二聚体阴性情况下,不进一步行诊断性检查停止抗凝是安全的。【原文下载】


Wells评分量表

但是,Wells评分的有效性在不同患者亚群中价值受到质疑。有研究表明根据低Wells评分+D-二聚体阴性结果排除DVT可能导致出乎意料的高漏诊率;另外,Wells评分再评估癌症或可疑再发DVT及男性患者发生DVT时,实际发生率较预期发生率高。因此,尽管Wells评分在诊断可疑DVT方面可行(不选定患者),但在不同的患者亚组中,它的有效性尚不明确。

为此,来自荷兰的Geersing教授等做了一项荟萃分析,分析发现Wells评分≤1+D-二聚体阴性(定量或定性)可以排除1/3可疑DVT.但是,对于癌症患者,Wells评分+ D-二聚体检测安全有效不足,而对于可疑再发DVT患者,需要在Wells评分基础上加1分才能确保排除DVT的安全性。研究结果发表在近期BMJ杂志上。

该荟萃分析共纳入13项来自荷兰、加拿大等国家的研究(共10002名患者,纳入标准为门诊可疑DVT患者,记录有Wells评分量表中的所有预测项目,D-二聚体检查结果以及有无近端DVT等数据),并对患者进行独立分析,旨在评估Wells评分排除DVT的准确性,以及该准确性是否适用于不同患者亚组。

研究采用多层次logistic回归模型分析Wells评分预测DVT可能性不同,另外,分析Wells评分+D-二聚体结果在排除DVT效能上的不同。

结果表明,Wells评分得分越高,DVT可能性越大。癌症、可疑再发血栓以及男性患者可能性几乎升高2倍。Wells评分≤1+D-二聚体阴性情况下,DVT可能性很低(1.2%),在不同D-二聚体测试方式(定性或定量)、性别和治疗背景(门诊或住院治疗)亦是如此。癌症患者Wells评分≤1+D-二聚体阴性发生率仅为9%,而DVT发生率为2.2%,可疑再发血栓患者,改良Wells评分(在原来事件基础上加1分)才是安全的。


Wells评分+D-二聚体检测DVT排除效能

研究得出Wells评分≤1+D-二聚体阴性(定量或定性)可以排除1/3可疑DVT,该结论不同性别,门诊或住院患者均适用。但是,对于癌症患者,Wells评分+ D-二聚体检测安全有效不足,而对于可疑再发DVT患者,需要在Wells评分基础上加1分才能确保排除DVT的安全性。

BMJ述评:采用Wells评分+D-二聚体检查排除DVT

针对该项研究,来自加拿大的Iorio教授进行了评论,内容如下:一项临床预测准则从出现到应用于临床实践中,往往需要一段漫长曲折的历程。

Geersing教授等重新评估了Wells评分量表 — 预测可疑DVT的评分量表,该量表已有20年历史。

为了理解该研究如何使该评分更具体化,我们来举一个案例。50岁男性,腓肠肌疼痛肿胀5天(腓肠肌突发“跳动感”后),体格检查发现腘窝下压痛。目前诊疗原则建议排查DVT,可以通过临床经验或临床定量预测指标(如Wells评分)来排查。

该患者初始Wells评分为2分(腓肠肌肿胀,局部压痛),若医生认为跖肌肌腱断裂诊断可能性更大的话,评分则降为0分,下一步是检测D-二聚体,该患者D-二聚体阴性。低Wells得分(≤1)+D-二聚体阴性表明DVT可能性<2%(足以排除DVT诊断),针对该患者的治疗措施则为休息、冰敷、非甾体类药物抗炎,而且将避免进一步不便且花费大的检查。

尽管临床指南支持该治疗方案,但许多医生仍依靠静脉超声排除DVT.医生往往不情愿使用临床预测指标,直至确信不进行确诊检查是安全的以及预测指标适用人群范围较宽泛。例如,在上述患者既往有DVT或癌症病史等非典型特征的情况下,Wells评分可能不直接适用。

Geersing教授等的研究是否可以使医生确信Wells评分在可疑DVT的非典型患者中的使用价值呢?

Geersing教授等全面重新评估了典型患者和不同亚组患者Wells评分。共搜集了13项关于可疑DVT研究的数据,包括10002名患者,平均DVT发生率为20%.研究人员评估临床预测指标往往采用分离群体的方法,包括推导(通常采用logistic回归分析或分类运算),校验(简单的复制分类特性),最后通过实施来验证该指标对患者预后的益处。

Geersing教授等采用了一个更精准的方法来检测Wells评分的效能。该方法较传统方法更有力,作者也更好地研究了Wells评分+D-二聚体排除非典型患者亚群排除DVT的价值。该方案研究人群样本庞大,可信度高,并且按患者来源分层以避免偏移和混杂因素。该设计可以用于指定新的临床预测指南。

Geersing教授等的研究方案有3点重要性。首先,与之前的认识一致,单独使用Wells评分不能安全的排除DVT;其次,Wells评分(≤1,临床可能性小)+D-二聚体阴性可以明确排除DVT(DVT发生率5%时,错误率<0.2%,发生率增加至40%时,错误率仍<2%),如果该研究发现推广到临床实践中,可以避免1/3可疑DVT患者行静脉超声检查;再者, D-二聚体+改良Wells评分(之前血栓形成加1分)可以排除DVT(既往有DVT病史)。

该研究的创新点(如何针对非典型患者实施临床预测指南)获益于对患者进行个体数据分析,但也需要提出正确的问题,从不同研究选择合适患者,并且采用恰当的分析。

总而言之,该研究再一次确认了当Wells评分≤1和D-二聚体结果阴性时不需要行静脉超声检查这一观点。另外,我们现在有良好的证据支持,即对于可疑再发DVT患者,该临床预测指标是安全的,而对于癌症患者,应避免使用该指标。

一项临床预测指标从出现到有实用价值再到安全有效可能需要漫长的历程,但多亏了Geersing教授等,我们对该指标是否安全有效的回答是肯定的“YES”。

原始出处:

Geersing GJ1, Zuithoff NP, Kearon C, Anderson DR, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Elf JL, Bates SM, Hoes AW, Kraaijenhagen RA, Oudega R, Schutgens RE, Stevens SM, Woller SC, Wells PS, Moons KG.Exclusion of deep vein thrombosis using the Wells rule in clinically important subgroups: individual patient data meta-analysis.BMJ. 2014 Mar 10;348:g1340. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1340.【原文下载】

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    2014-07-05 hxj0117
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    2014-08-30 xue8602
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    2014-06-30 gaoxiaoe
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    2015-02-08 fusion
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    2014-03-20 marongnuan
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