JNNP:皮肤活检和小纤维神经病变的思考

2022-03-14 网络 网络

1989年至1990年间,瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳斯卡研究所的两个独立的解剖学家和组织学家研究小组,结果表明,抗细胞质蛋白基因产物9.5(PGP9.5)的抗体可以在亮场免疫组织化学中显示丰富的皮肤神经支配

1989年至1990年间,瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳斯卡研究所的两个独立的解剖学家和组织学家研究小组,结果表明,抗细胞质蛋白基因产物9.5(PGP9.5)的抗体可以在亮场免疫组织化学中显示丰富的皮肤神经支配,比神经肽和以前的其他抗体更好。这种新的病理学技术随后被用于了解一组患者的症状,这些患者有远端神经病理性肢体疼痛,主要是足部疼痛,但除了针尖感觉减少外,标准神经检查、标准神经传导研究甚至神经活检结果均正常。表皮内神经纤维(IENF)减少或缺失的发现,强烈表明远端神经性肢体疼痛的主诉和几乎正常的检查是由于皮肤中的小神经纤维受累,主要是伤害感和热感觉。

IENF密度量化的新方案克服了Arthur和Shelley在1959年开创性工作中使用的第一个和更复杂的方案,然后用于在不同地点进行测量。这项技术最初只在对周围神经病变感兴趣的大学使用。这些学术中心通过国际合作,制定了不同技术的标准参考值,并发布了指南,提供了腿部远端正常IENF密度的性别和年龄调整值,供临床使用。这克服了与开发单中心规范性数据相关的困难,这需要大量健康个体的注册。最近,至少在美国,商业实验室如雨后春笋般涌现,声称提供同样的服务。这导致了为评估IENF密度而进行的皮肤活检的激增,以及所谓的“小纤维神经病”的更大爆发,这些疾病远远超出了经典的神经学-临床-生理学-病理学相关性所设定的界限。我们如何理解这些发展?本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上()。

IENF是小型背根神经节(DRG)神经元的末梢。IENF在穿过真皮-表皮屏障时失去了无髓鞘雪旺细胞的包裹,在抗原呈递细胞(树突状细胞和黑素细胞)和角质形成细胞中保持裸体,角质形成细胞已知参与感觉传导。这使得表皮,而不仅仅是IENF,成为一个巨大的多模式受体。在过去几十年中,无论是使用亮场技术还是免疫荧光技术,健康个体腿部远端的IENF密度都略有下降,而女性的IENF密度通常更高。然而,左右两侧的密度没有差异,最重要的是,在3小时后重新评估时,密度没有变化,这是角质形成细胞更新的时期,无论是在健康人还是神经病变患者中,这都加强了评估的诊断可靠性。

PGP9抗体下的人体皮肤切片的免疫荧光显微照片

IENF的缺失预计会导致与小神经纤维生理功能相关的症状和临床体征。事实上,SFN患者可以有严重的灼痛,但仍能进行正常临床检查的旧模式已经被遗忘。在大多数SFN患者中,临床表现为小纤维功能障碍的阳性(如痛觉过敏)和/或阴性(如痛觉丧失)。此外,在研究症状与临床体征和诊断测试结果之间的相关性时,一项大型研究表明,近90%的有神经病症状但检查时没有临床体征的患者的定量感觉测试(QST)和IENF密度结果均正常,18个月后仍然正常。这表明,SFN的诊断不应仅依赖症状,因为它们不够特异。纤维肌痛就是一个例子。纤维肌痛是一种通过存在“多部位”疼痛来诊断的临床症状,这意味着九个部位中有六个对患者来说是疼痛的。由于缺乏大纤维感觉神经受累的临床和电生理学证据,纤维肌痛患者已通过皮肤活检和其他评估小纤维功能的方法进行调查,结果相互矛盾。IENF发现了一些与疾病严重程度相关的信息。其他40名患者报告,与中枢疼痛处理障碍相比,外周小神经纤维的作用很小,还有一些患者没有报告纤维肌痛诊断与小神经纤维通路功能之间存在临床意义的相关性,因此,对这种疾病引起的小纤维病理学的定义提出了挑战。

小神经纤维在任何疾病中都可能受到影响,甚至缺乏任何临床-生理相关性,同时易于诊断,这一观点的流行带来了许多担忧。其中,出于许多原因,最重要的是提出了具有未知相应病理生理机制的疾病改良治疗,也没有从适当设计的临床试验中获得疗效证据。在美国,静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIg)在年度支出中位列前五位,每位患者每年住院费用约为6万美元。近年来,与系统性免疫介导疾病相关的SFN患者可以受益于IVIg。随后,采用相同的非受控方法,IVIg疗效的假设从纤维肌痛扩展到成人和儿童的“明显”自身免疫性SFN。然而,这些研究中最大的一项显示,在0-10分的量表中,疼痛缓解改善了1分,这几乎没有临床意义,因为这与安慰剂对照疼痛研究中安慰剂组的变化幅度相同。第一个随机对照试验给出了一个答案,该试验旨在调查IVIg是否能有效缓解SFN患者的疼痛。IVIg的管理(2 g/kg体重)或安慰剂,然后注射IVIg。在60例经皮肤活检证实为特发性SFN的患者中,每隔3周服用一次(2g/kg)或安慰剂,与基线检查时相比,12周时的疼痛强度数值评定量表得分没有改变。尽管这项试验的结果不能扩展到任何归类为SFN的疾病,但它表明,在表明IVIg或任何其他治疗的有效性之前,对照试验是强制性的。

表皮下神经以蓝色绘制,表皮神经以红色绘制

小尺寸的感觉神经元或轴突损伤可导致热感觉和伤害性感觉丧失、神经性疼痛或两者的结合,这在几种感觉长度依赖性神经病变和非长度依赖性神经病变中很常见。IENF缺失似乎能够解决几乎所有选择性影响DRG伤害感受神经元或其轴突的过程中的临床-生理-病理相关性,只要相关症状合适。事实上,先天性疼痛不敏感综合征患者、合并神经病理性疼痛和针尖感觉丧失的小纤维神经病变(SFN)患者、无痛性糖尿病神经病变患者、15例患者都报告了这种情况。关于人工破坏这些皮肤神经纤维后的感觉和神经病理性疼痛的研究,它们在实验和疾病相关损失中的自发再生,以及其他疼痛或无痛疾病的变化证实了这种临床-生理-病理相关性。早期注意到的是IENF密度与神经病理性疼痛之间缺乏相关性,回顾起来,这并不令人惊讶。PGP9.5染色只是检测那些完整到足以被识别的皮肤神经,但它不能告诉任何关于它们功能的信息,这些功能是由精确的分子个体发育向组织靶向驱动的。与不同亚型皮肤神经相关的其他分子标记物可能提供更好的临床-生理-病理相关性。

虽然IEFN密度的皮肤活检提供了小伤害性纤维和热纤维状态的病理学视图,但当对临床情况视而不见时,IENF的简单减少,无论其程度如何,都无法预测症状,可能影响DRG伤害感受器或其轴突的潜在神经病变过程的体征和病因。皮肤活检的出现已经30年了,它拓宽了神经学家的诊断工具箱,提供了过去被认为是临床上看不见的神经的结构信息,应该朝着解释结果的方向迈出新的一步,使其成为提高可能影响小神经纤维的疾病诊断可靠性的措施。

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    2022-03-17 ymyymyymy

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