机器学习专题:人工智能的黄金时代

2017-02-15 佚名 药明康德

近日,《自然》子刊《Nature Biomedical Engineering》推出了“机器学习”特刊,为我们介绍了机器学习在医疗领域的广泛应用。我们今日也推出“机器学习”专题,将这些信息整理给读者。

在这个人工智能的时代,学习与思考早已不是人类的特权。通过神经网络以及其他的算法,计算机能够识别图片中的物体,能够分辨人类无法辨识的微小不同,也能够下赢人类的围棋大师。近日,《自然》子刊《NatureBiomedicalEngineering》推出了“机器学习”特刊,为我们介绍了机器学习在医疗领域的广泛应用。我们今日也推出“机器学习”专题,将这些信息整理给读者。

在介绍机器学习前,我们先了解一下它的核心之一——卷积神经网络(convolutionalneuralnetwork)。别被它的名字吓倒,形象地看,它很容易理解,甚至与人类视觉皮层的构造有相似之处。你可以把它想象成一堆“神经节”。这些神经节并不是杂乱无章的,它们会排列成多个“神经层”,层与层之间神经节互相有着关联。可以想象,这样的神经层越多,整个网络也就越“深度”,功能也就更强大。现代的卷积神经网络一般有10-20层,神经节总数超过1亿。


神经网络的结构示意图(图片来源:《NatureBiomedicalEngineering》)

虽然庞大,神经网络的工作原理却并不复杂。当外部的信号输入后,第一层上的每一个神经节会提取信号的不同特征,产生一个权重值,并将这些数据传递给神经网络的下一层。但它的神奇之处在于能够通过调试,进行自我学习。为了让神经网络更靠谱,研究人员会输入一些已知的数据,并告诉神经网络他们想要什么样的结果。神经网络会自动调整权重,让输出的结果与研究人员提供的结果之间的差异最小化。经过几万,几十万,甚至几百万次的学习后,它就能很好完成人类布置的任务。同样,学习的次数越多,它也就越聪明。

医疗领域的研究人员们正在这么做。在去年《JAMA》杂志报道的一项研究中,人工智能在学习了12000张图片后,能准确地对糖尿病性视网膜病变进行诊断,灵敏度和特异性分别超过了96%和93%,与眼科医生不相上下。而在昨日的一篇报道中,我们介绍了一款能够打败人类皮肤科医生的人工智能。它的背后,是超过13万张皮肤癌的临床图片的深度学习。


上周的《自然》封面报道了能诊断皮肤癌的人工智能(图片来源:《自然》)

本期特刊则为我们介绍了更多进展。首先,它回答了一个许多人都关心的问题——人工智能可以用来诊断罕见病吗?为了提高准确度,人工智能需要大量的学习素材,而罕见病的病例则注定不会太多。看似矛盾的两者,能得到调和吗?答案是肯定的。来自我国的两名白内障专家,中山眼科中心的林浩添博士、刘奕志教授与研究团队一道,开发出了一种能诊断先天性白内障的人工智能。这款人工智能可谓“迷你”。一方面说,它只有5层卷积网络;另一方面,它的学习材料只有886张眼部的图像。然而,它却能准确地诊断这种儿童眼疾,并能对疾病的严重性进行区分,甚至能提供后续的治疗建议。在这些方面,它与眼科专家的表现一样出色。


人工智能表现出了眼科专家的水平(图片来源:《NatureBiomedicalEngineering》)

机器学习同样能诊断脑部肿瘤。本期特刊中,来自美国密歇根大学的科学家们开发出了一种能“虚拟染色”的新式深度机器学习系统。对脑外科医生而言,术中病理分析往往是诊断脑肿瘤的最佳方式之一。然而这一过程耗时费力,容易延误正在进行的脑部手术。而这些科学家开发出的机器学习系统能够将未经处理的大脑样本进行“染色”,效果如同病理实验室经过固定和冷冻的染色切片。更关键的是,这些“虚拟染色”的图片能提供非常精准的信息。医生通过它诊断脑瘤的准确率和使用常规组织切片的准确率几乎相同。毫无疑问,它的诞生极大缩减了医生用于诊断的时间,而这对罹患脑瘤,身处手术中的患者来说至关重要。


你能看出哪些是人工染色,哪些是人工智能“染色”吗?(图片来源:《NatureBiomedicalEngineering》)

人工智能是时代的潮流。上世纪90年代,当大哥大刚进入人们的生活,很少有人会想到智能手机在当下的普及,更难想到智能手机在通讯之外,可以实现的娱乐、学习、办公等一系列功能。如今的机器学习和人工智能就好似大哥大。它虽然不完美,却是一个伟大时代的前兆。我们相信,使用机器学习的人工智能会在未来展现这样一副画卷呢:它能降低日常诊断,尤其是病理分析中的出错概率;它能在医疗资源匮乏的地区提供治疗的参考建议;它也能加速诊断的过程,为患者争取时间。此外,机器学习的巨大潜力也会在个体层面上,推进精准的医疗与疾病管理。

能够见证这个时代,是我们的幸运。

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    2017-02-16 wmu姿

    机器学会了学习我们人类怎么办

    0

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    2017-02-15 天下第一海

    nature开设机器学习特刊

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    2017-02-15 ylzr123

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