JAMA Oncol: 勿将癌症幸存者排除在临床试验外

2017-12-15 陶白 肿瘤资讯

相当高比例的美国癌症患者为既往癌症的幸存者,由于临床试验和观察性研究一般会将此类患者排除在外,因此这些患者的结局知之甚少。

相当高比例的美国癌症患者为既往癌症的幸存者,由于临床试验和观察性研究一般会将此类患者排除在外,因此这些患者的结局知之甚少。如何解决这一问题?他们真的不能被纳入临床试验和观察性研究中吗?美国德克萨斯大学西南医学中心临床科学系流行病学专家Caitlin C.Murphy博士对此进行了一项研究,他表示,对于某些癌症,如肺癌,不能将既往癌症幸存者排除在临床试验或观察性研究外。其结果11月22日发表于《JAMA Oncology》上。

介绍:

随着人口老龄化,美国癌症存活者的数量快速增加,这就需要扩大癌症筛查,改善癌症治疗。与过去的30年相比,2016年,癌症存活者人数增加了4倍,达到1550万;预计到2040年,将达到2610万。几乎一半的存活者在初次确诊后可存活10年,三分之二可存活5年。存活者具有复杂的健康需求,包括监控复发、监测治疗相关的毒性反应、管理新的疾病诊断,如慢性病或新确诊的原发性癌症。

癌症存活者经常被排除在癌症临床试验外。超过80%的国立癌症研究所支持的肺癌临床试验将具有既往癌症的患者排除在外。此类资格限制性标准将造成25%的新确诊为肺癌的患者被排除在临床试验外。虽然大量的科学进展已经明确了具体癌症存活者将来进展为原发性癌症的风险,但是这些早期的研究并未解决究竟有多少确诊为癌症的患者是癌症幸存者。理解不同癌症类型的患者中,既往癌症的患病率对于治疗和研究来说都具有重要意义。

方法:

设计、设置和参与者:

基于1975~2013年癌症注册者人群的监测、流行病学和最终结果(SEER)计划,研究对象为2009年1月~2013年12月740990例新确诊的癌症病例。根据不同年龄(<65岁vs≥65岁)和癌症类型评估既往癌症的患病率。

主要结局和测量:

既往癌症的患病率从SEER序号中确定,该序号为终生确诊为癌症的顺序。癌症分为:首次或仅原发性;同一癌症部位的二级或高级别原发灶;不同癌症部位的二级或高级别原发灶。

结果:

2009~2013年诊断的765843例癌症病例中,141021例(18.4%)为二级或高级别原发灶。

总体来说,将近四分之一(25.2%)的新确诊为癌症的老年人(≥65岁)和11%的年轻人具有既往癌症史。

既往癌症随着癌症类型和年龄的不同,患病率具有差异,范围从3.5%到36.9%,多数既往癌症是在不同的癌症部位确诊的。

具体来说,20~64岁为11.0%,65岁或以上为25.2%。

对于20~64岁的患者,黑色素瘤和单核细胞白血病的既往癌症患病率最高(24.8%),肛门癌、肛管癌、直肠癌为18.2%,宫颈癌和其他女性生殖器官癌症(如阴道癌、外阴癌)为15.0%,肺癌和其他呼吸系统癌症为14.6%。

年轻组患者既往癌症一般发生在不同的癌症部位,而二级乳腺癌、宫颈癌和其他女性生殖器癌症、男性生殖器癌症和睾丸癌常发生在相同癌症部位。对于65岁及以上的患者,患病率最高的既往癌症为黑色素瘤(36.9%)、粒细胞和单核细胞白血病(36.9%)、骨和关节癌(34.0%)、膀胱癌和其他泌尿器官癌(32.5%)。除了乳腺癌和黑色素瘤,老年组多数既往癌症发生在不同的癌症部位。

结论和意义:

相当比例的美国癌症患者是癌症幸存者。这些患者可能被排除在临床试验外,在观察性研究中也代表性不足,他们的治疗和生存需求也知之甚少。理解既往癌症的本质和影响对于提高临床试验的收益、疾病结局和患者经历,推广临床试验和观察性研究的结果来说非常关键。

点评:

四分之一的新确诊癌症的老年(≥65岁)患者和超过10%的年轻患者具有既往癌症史。既往癌症对癌症医疗服务具有重要影响。比如,会对患者的治疗决策造成干扰:新诊断为癌症可能会打断原有治疗、影响治疗依从性或与既往癌症相关的结局。

许多癌症临床试验将既往癌症患者排除在外,这样会排除相当比例的符合条件的其他患者。将既往癌症患者排除在外可能产生于长久以来的观念,即既往癌症的诊断会干扰研究的进行和/或结局。但是,该限制性标准限制了试验结果向具有首个或仅原发性患者的推广。这种现象在患有不常见癌症的老年患者中应引起尤为关注,这是由于标准治疗效果不佳,因此试验的产出就非常关键。

确定既往癌症排除标准对试验产出的影响需要疾病特异的和方案特异的细节,包括疾病分期和既往癌症诊断的时间。对于肺癌,多数试验使用5年的排除窗,既往癌症一般在该时间窗内发生,具有既往癌症并不会对生存结局造成不良影响。因此,在肺癌试验中纳入患有既往癌症的患者可大幅改善试验产出,而不影响研究结局。

既往癌症患者也常被排除在观察性研究外,包括使用SEER-医保、医疗模式、癌症医疗结局研究和监测联盟、退伍军人健康管理局数据进行的治疗和结局研究。由于观察性研究常提供真实世界的数据来对临床试验进行补充,因此将既往癌症患者纳入到观察性研究中对于推进循证实践非常重要。

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    2018-03-14 minlingfeng
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    2017-12-25 jyzxjiangqin

    勿将癌症幸存者排除在临床试验外.

    0

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    2017-12-17 jyzxjiangqin

    勿将癌症幸存者排除在临床试验外.

    0

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    2017-12-17 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-12-15 明天会更好!

    学习了.学习了.

    0

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    2017-12-15 刘煜

    谢谢分享.阅读

    0

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